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is the scientific study of water in the Earth's atmosphere, on the surface, and underground.

is the process by which a liquid substance, such as water, changes into a gaseous state, typically as a result of heat energy being added to the liquid. During evaporation, molecules of the liquid gain enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces holding them together, allowing them to escape into the air as vapor.

is an instrument used in hydrology and environmental science to measure the movement of water through soil, vegetation, and other porous materials.

The release of water vapor from plant leaves into the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

is the opposite of evaporation, which is the process by which a liquid changes into a gas.

The process by which moisture in the atmosphere condenses and falls to the Earth's surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

The movement of water over the Earth's surface in response to gravity, often as a result of precipitation or melting snow or ice.

The process by which water seeps into the soil and moves downward, replenishing groundwater supplies and contributing to groundwater flow.

Some infiltrated water may flow deeper into the ground, becoming groundwater. Groundwater moves slowly through porous rock formations called aquifers and eventually discharges into rivers, lakes, and oceans or emerges as springs.

Water is stored temporarily in various reservoirs throughout the hydrologic cycle, including oceans, glaciers, lakes, rivers, soil moisture, and groundwater aquifers.