WHAP Units 3 and 4 Concept Review

Match the following

• Vasco de Gama sails around Africa

• Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources.

• Ottoman devshirme (janissaries)

• Land-based empires dramatically increased in size

• Martin Luther

• 1. Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.

•  Manchu (Qing) Dynasty

• Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation.

•  lateen sail

• The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.

Match the following

• Tokugawa Japan

• Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.

• smallpox

• 1. Mercantilist policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. Joint-stock companies, influenced by these mercantilist principles, were used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade. 

• The British East India Company

• Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the slave trades.

• Polygny

•  European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere

• Incan Mit'a system

• Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems

Match the following

• Safavid Shi’a Islam vs. Ottomans Sunni

• 1. Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam. 

• Spanish Casta System

• 1. Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. In other cases, states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society, politics, or the economy. 

• Mughal Empire

• 1. Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.

• Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles

• 1. Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. 

• Ana Nzinga’s resistance

• 1. State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level.

Match the following

• Ferdinand Magellan

• The Atlantic trading system involved the movement of labor—including slaves—and the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis.

• potatoes, beans, tomatoes, tobacco

• 1. Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade.

• trading post empires

• 1. Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British. 

• Santeria, Vodou

• 1. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.

• Caravel

• 1. The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible.

Match the following

• Henry Hudson

• Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves.

• Kongo

• 1. Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion. 

• Zamindars

• 1. Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants. 

• horses, okra, rice

• 1. Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

• carrying trade

• The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa