Seminar #1: Types of Grammar

Grammar can be defined as…

• a system of rules governing the morphological, syntactic and semantic properties of a language

• all the words known and used by a particular person

• the act or result of producing the sounds of speech, including articulation, stress, and intonation, often with reference to some standard of correctness

What type of grammar deals with language norms?

• Prescriptive grammar

• Descriptive grammar

• Generative grammar

• Performance grammar

• Pedagogical grammar

In (a)   grammar, certain forms are considered correct and others, even though used by native speakers, are deemed incorrect.

Descriptive grammar takes into account…

• people’s actual use of language through the observation and documentation of language in use in a wide range of contexts

• the rules of Latin grammar

• a person's innate knowledge of grammar which is universal to speakers of all languages

Why do linguists call generative grammar linguistic ‘biology’?

Performance grammar concerns…

• language processing, that is, how language is produced and interpreted within a context

• people’s actual use of language

• the socially prestigious variety of a language

What is the aim of reference grammar?

The context of pedagogical grammar depends on…

• the intention of the teacher and the needs of the students

• contemporary international standard English

• what is acceptable within a particular community

Choose everything concerning theoretical grammar.

• refers to the systematic study and análisis of the structure and rules of a language

• aims to understand the principles underlying a language’s syntax, semantics, phonology, and morphology

• is concerned with describing how a language works in a comprehensive and abstract way

• involves taking the principles and rules and presenting them in a way that is accessible and understandable to language learners

• focuses on facilitating language acquisition and proficiency

Pedagogical grammar is (a)   oriented and hybrid in nature.