What did Inez Beverly Prosser research?

Education issues in segregated versus integrated schools

Study of ancient Roman architecture

Impact of social media on mental health

Effects of climate change on marine life

What is inductive reasoning?

Reasoning goes from many specific observations to broader generalizations and theories

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning that relies on deductive logic

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning that guarantees the truth of the conclusion

Inductive reasoning is a method of reasoning that involves emotional responses

What is deductive reasoning?

Reasoning goes from the broad generalization and theories to a specific observation

Deductive reasoning is a random guess without any logical basis.

Deductive reasoning is a process of making decisions based on emotions rather than facts.

Deductive reasoning is a method used in creative thinking to generate new ideas.

What is something that psychology research relies on?

Inductive and deductive reasoning

What is the sequencing of the scientific method?

Inductive reasoning---> Theory----> Hypothesis

Ask a question, 2. Do background research, 3. Construct a hypothesis, 4. Test with an experiment, 5. Analyze the data and draw conclusions, 6. Evaluate the results

Ask a question, 2. Do background research, 3. Construct a hypothesis, 4. Test with an experiment, 5. Analyze the data and draw conclusions, 6. Formulate a theory

Ask a question, 2. Do background research, 3. Construct a hypothesis, 4. Test with an experiment, 5. Analyze the data and draw conclusions, 6. Develop a conclusion

Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for many observations

A theory is a wild guess with no evidence to support it.

A theory is a random idea that someone came up with.

A theory is a belief that cannot be tested or proven.

What is a hypothesis?

Tentative and testable statement (prediction) about the relationship between two or more variables.

A hypothesis is a conclusion drawn without any reasoning.

A hypothesis is a wild guess with no basis in evidence.

A hypothesis is a proven fact with no room for doubt.

How are hypotheses usually formatted?

Imperative statements proposing a relationship between variables

Exclamatory statements proposing a relationship between variables

Interrogative questions proposing a relationship between variables

What does the scientific method of research include?

Proposing hypotheses, conducting research, and creating or modifying theories based on results

Observing results, forming a theory, conducting experiments, and analyzing data.

Making predictions, conducting surveys, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

Collecting data, forming a hypothesis, conducting interviews, and drawing conclusions.

What is falsifibility?

The assertion that for any hypothesis to have credence, it must be inherently disprovable before it can become accepted as a scientific hypothesis or theory

Falsifiability is the concept of proving a hypothesis without experimentation.

Falsifiability is the process of making a theory more believable.

Falsifiability is the ability to prove a hypothesis true through empirical evidence.

What is observer bias?

Consciously or unconsciously altering results to fit expected results

Observer bias is the intentional manipulation of data by the researcher.

Observer bias is when the researcher's personal experiences impact the study results.

Observer bias refers to the tendency of participants to alter their behavior when being observed.

What is interrater reliability?

Assesses the consistency of different raters’ observations

Interrater reliability is the measure of consistency between different tests or assessments.

Interrater reliability refers to the accuracy of a single rater or judge when assessing multiple things.

Interrater reliability is only applicable in qualitative research studies.

What do clinical/case studies focus on?

Assesses the consistency of different raters’ observations

Broad analysis of multiple subjects

Focus on theoretical concepts only

Examination of historical events

What are the typical characteristics of the subject in a case study?

Typically in a extreme or unique psychological circumstance that differentiates them for the general public

Historical events or periods being examined briefly

Fictional characters or scenarios being analyzed

Animals, plants, or minerals being studied superficially

What do case studies allow for?

Allows for a lot of insight into a case.

Brief summaries of theoretical concepts

What is a downside about case studies?

Difficult to generalize results to the larger population

What is archival research?

Examines records, whether archived as a hardcopy or electronically

Archival research is the study of marine life in the Arctic.

Archival research involves conducting surveys to gather new data.

Archival research focuses on predicting future trends based on historical data.

What is cross-sectional research?

A researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time

A type of research that involves collecting data through surveys and questionnaires

A type of research that focuses on analyzing cause and effect relationships

A type of research that involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period of time

Relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

Correlation is a measure of central tendency

Correlation is a measure of dispersion

Correlation is a measure of probability

What is a correlation coefficient?

Number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represents by r.

A correlation coefficient is a measure of central tendency

A correlation coefficient is a measure of probability

A correlation coefficient is a measure of variability

What is positive correlation?

Two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

Positive correlation refers to a relationship between two variables in which they move in opposite directions.

Positive correlation means there is no relationship between two variables.

Positive correlation indicates a causal relationship between two variables.

What is negative correlation?

Two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

Negative correlation means the variables move in the same direction

Negative correlation implies a weak relationship between variables

Negative correlation indicates a positive linear relationship

What is a cause-and-effect relationship?

Changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

A cause-and-effect relationship is a connection between events where the effect leads to the cause.

A cause-and-effect relationship is a connection between events where both events happen simultaneously.

A cause-and-effect relationship is a connection between events where the effect is unrelated to the cause.

What is a confounding variable?

Unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable

A variable that has no impact on the study

A variable that is directly manipulated by the researcher

A variable that is not related to the study

What are illusory correlations?

Seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

Illusory correlations are easily detected by individuals

Illusory correlations are always statistically significant

Illusory correlations are accurate representations of data

What is confirmation bias?

Tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs.

The tendency to accept new information that confirms preexisting beliefs.

The tendency to search for, interpret, and recall information that contradicts preexisting beliefs.

The tendency to remain neutral when evaluating information that confirms preexisting beliefs.

What can illusory correlations be involved in?

Formation of prejudicial attitudes that can lead to discriminatory behavior

Ignoring correlations between variables

Creating accurate correlations between variables

What is an operational definition?

Description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

A vague and ambiguous description of a variable in a study or experiment.

A detailed explanation of the results obtained from an experiment.

A theoretical framework used to analyze data in research.

What is the experimental group?

The participants that experience the manipulated variable

The experimental group is the group in an experiment that does not receive any treatment or intervention.

The control group is the group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention being studied.

The experimental group is the group in an experiment that analyzes the results of the control group.

What is the control group?

Participants that do not experience the manipulated variable

The control group is the group that receives the treatment being tested.

The control group is the group that is excluded from the experiment.

The control group is the group that is given a placebo.

What is the role of the control group?

Serve as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study

What is experimenter bias?

Researcher expectations alter the results of the study.

Experimenter bias is the impact of the weather on the experiment results.

Experimenter bias is the tendency for experimenters to be biased in favor of the participants.

Experimenter bias is the use of biased language in the experiment instructions.

What is participant bias?

Participant expectations alter the results of the study.

Participant bias is when participants are not affected by the study's expectations.

Participant bias is when researchers alter the study's expectations based on participant behavior.

Participant bias is when participants follow the study's expectations without any alterations.

What is single-blind study?

Experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group but participants do not

A triple-blind study is a type of research design in which the participants, researchers, and data analysts are all unaware of who is receiving the treatment or placebo.

An open-label study is a type of research design in which both the participants and researchers are aware of who is receiving the treatment.

A double-blind study is a type of research design in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment or placebo.

What is a double-blind study?

Experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

A double-blind study is a research design where the researchers know who is receiving the placebo, but not the treatment.

A double-blind study is a research design where the researchers know who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving the placebo, but the participants do not.

A double-blind study is a research design where only the participants know who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving the placebo.

What is the placebo effect?

People’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

The placebo effect is when a patient's symptoms improve due to the treatment itself.

The placebo effect is when a patient's symptoms improve due to the doctor's belief in the treatment.

The placebo effect is when a patient's symptoms worsen due to their belief in the treatment.

RESEARCH METHODS

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What did Francis Sumner found?

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