Consensual Argument—Examples:

Dialectic: two or more people engage as equals in a dialogue to discover the best position on an issue. Academic Inquiry: to discover, through reading, discussion, and writing, new views, new knowledge, and new truths about complex issues.

Negotiation and Mediation: argumentation used to reach consensus on plans of actions to solve problems. Internal Argument: Self arguments to deal with internal conflicts.

Reasonableness: fair, balanced, objective, reasoned, no conflict of interest, absence of fallacies or slanted tone. Goal: a source that engages the subject thoughtfully and reasonably, concerned with the truth.

Traditional Argument—Examples:

Public Debate Courtroom Argument Single-perspective Argument One-on-One Everyday Argument.

Pathos: An emotional appeal. Logos: An appeal to reason Ethos: An ethical appeal

Fact Definition Cause Value Policy

Text: Written Argument Reader: Audience Author: Writer of the Argument

are beliefs or ideas that we hold to be true — often with little or no evidence required.

A spontaneous pooling of ideas.

Arguments from cause claim that one condition or event contributes to or brings about another condition or event.

compares two things that are not alike in significant respects or have critical points of difference

A spontaneous pooling of ideas.

fair, balanced, objective, reasoned, no conflict of interest, absence of fallacies or slanted tone. Goal: a source that engages the subject thoughtfully and reasonably, concerned with the truth.

beliefs or ideas that we hold to be true — often with little or no evidence required.

Credibility: Trustworthy source, author’s credentials, evidence of quality control, known or respected authority, and organizational support. Accuracy: up to date, factual, detailed, exact, comprehensive, audience and purpose reflect intentions of completeness and accuracy.

Reasonableness: fair, balanced, objective, reasoned, no conflict of interest, absence of fallacies or slanted tone. Support: Listed sources, contact information, available corroboration, claims supported, documentation supplied.

Analysis: Finding the parts of the problem and then separating them, trying to see how things fit together; and Evaluation: Judging the merit of our claims and assumptions and the weight of the evidence in their favor

Deduction: The mental process of moving from one statement through another to yet a further statement. The guarantee of the deductive method is that IF the premises are true and IF the argument is valid, THEN the conclusion is also true. It moves from the general to specific.

Arguments from cause claim that one condition or event contributes to or brings about another condition or event.

Judging the merit of our claims and assumptions and the weight of the evidence in their favor.

Listed sources, contact information, available corroboration, claims supported, documentation supplied.

beliefs or ideas that we hold to be true — often with little or no evidence required

Fact Definition Cause Value Policy

Public Debate Courtroom Argument Single-perspective Argument One-on-One Everyday Argument.

Pathos: An emotional appeal. Logos: An appeal to reason Ethos: An ethical appeal

Analysis: Finding the parts of the problem and then separating them, trying to see how things fit together; and Evaluation: Judging the merit of our claims and assumptions and the weight of the evidence in their favor.

“thinking critically involves, along with imagination (so that we can see our own beliefs from another point of view), a two-fold activity

Arguments from cause claim that one condition or event contributes to or brings about another condition or event.

draws a conclusion about a class based on too few or atypical examples

A paraphrase is a restatement of information in the source. Word choice, sentence structure and style must be noticeably different from the original.

Analysis: Finding the parts of the problem and then separating them, trying to see how things fit together; and Evaluation: Judging the merit of our claims and assumptions and the weight of the evidence in their favor.

Reasonableness: fair, balanced, objective, reasoned, no conflict of interest, absence of fallacies or slanted tone. Support: Listed sources, contact information, available corroboration, claims supported, documentation supplied.

Academic Inquiry: to discover, through reading, discussion, and writing, new views, new knowledge, and new truths about complex issues. Negotiation and Mediation: argumentation used to reach consensus on plans of actions to solve problems.

Attributes of a critical thinker:

asks pertinent questions and assesses statements and arguments is able to admit a lack of understanding or information has a sense of curiosity and is interested in finding new solutions

is able to clearly define a set of criteria for analyzing ideas and is willing to examine beliefs, assumptions, and opinions and weigh them against facts listens carefully to others and is able to give feedback sees that critical thinking is a lifelong process of self-assessment

compares two things that are not alike in significant respects or have critical points of difference

draws a conclusion about a class based on too few or atypical examples

The mental process of moving from one statement through another to yet a further statement. The guarantee of the deductive method is that IF the premises are true and IF the argument is valid, THEN the conclusion is also true. It moves from the general to specific.

Evidence is the facts or sources that support your written argument. Evidence is central to any written argument, because it provides the facts around which you create your argument, your opinion. Without evidence, an argument is simply one person's opinion. With evidence, an argument is grounded in facts and given shape. Evidence is the critical link that helps you prove your points. Types of evidence include (but are not limited to) statistics, personal knowledge, expert testimony, and pertinent documents (both written and electronic).

Fallacies are defects in an argument, which cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak. Fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely be looking at the logical structure of an argument rather than any specific statements. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument.

Inductive reasoning is empirical--based upon our experiences and observations in the real world. It makes use of experience and experiment--the scientific method--to arrive at conclusions. It moves from the specific to the general.

Evidence is the facts or sources that support your written argument. Evidence is central to any written argument, because it provides the facts around which you create your argument, your opinion. Without evidence, an argument is simply one person's opinion. With evidence, an argument is grounded in facts and given shape. Evidence is the critical link that helps you prove your points. Types of evidence include (but are not limited to) statistics, personal knowledge, expert testimony, and pertinent documents (both written and electronic).

The mental process of moving from one statement through another to yet a further statement. The guarantee of the deductive method is that IF the premises are true and IF the argument is valid, THEN the conclusion is also true. It moves from the general to specific.

Inductive reasoning is empirical--based upon our experiences and observations in the real world. It makes use of experience and experiment--the scientific method--to arrive at conclusions. It moves from the specific to the general.

Specific support provides the evidence, opinions, reasoning, examples, and factual information about a claim or subclaim that make it possible for the reader to accept it.

Fallacies are defects in an argument, which cause an argument to be invalid, unsound or weak. Fallacies can be separated into two general groups: formal and informal. A formal fallacy is a defect which can be identified merely be looking at the logical structure of an argument rather than any specific statements. Informal fallacies are defects which can be identified only through an analysis of the actual content of the argument

The mental process of moving from one statement through another to yet a further statement. The guarantee of the deductive method is that IF the premises are true and IF the argument is valid, THEN the conclusion is also true. It moves from the general to specific.

Factual support can include detailed reports of observed events specific examples of real happenings; references to events (either historical or recent) and statistical reports. Facts are vivid, real, and verifiable.

the Qualifier (words such as may be, might, many, some, most, few, possibly which illustrate the probabilities of the argument AND helps establish the arguer’s credibility and reasonableness.

false analogy: compares two things that are not alike in significant respects or have critical points of difference hasty generalization: draws a conclusion about a class based on too few or atypical examples

single cause fallacies: occurs when an advocate attributes only one cause to a complex problem slippery slope: an assumption, assumes, without evidence, that a given event is the first in a series of steps that will lead inevitably to some outcome.

Paraphrasing - A paraphrase is a restatement of information in the source. Word choice, sentence structure and style must be noticeably different from the original. Plagiarism - Using someone else's ideas or phrasing and representing those ideas or phrasing as our own, either on purpose or through carelessness, is a serious offense known as plagiarism.

Fact Definition Cause Value Policy

In a generalization one reasons that what is true of certain members of a class will also be true of other members of the same class or of the class as a whole.

Inductive reasoning is empirical--based upon our experiences and observations in the real world. It makes use of experience and experiment--the scientific method--to arrive at conclusions. It moves from the specific to the general.

A paraphrase is a restatement of information in the source. Word choice, sentence structure and style must be noticeably different from the original.

Using someone else's ideas or phrasing and representing those ideas or phrasing as our own, either on purpose or through carelessness, is a serious offense known as plagiarism.

Inductive reasoning is empirical--based upon our experiences and observations in the real world. It makes use of experience and experiment--the scientific method--to arrive at conclusions. It moves from the specific to the general.

A paraphrase is a restatement of information in the source. Word choice, sentence structure and style must be noticeably different from the original.

Stated assumptions used as reasons in an argument.

A quotation is copying word-for-word, whether two words or a passage. Any quotations that you use in your paper must be included verbatim -- that is, without changes to either wording or punctuation

A paraphrase is a restatement of information in the source. Word choice, sentence structure and style must be noticeably different from the original.

Using someone else's ideas or phrasing and representing those ideas or phrasing as our own, either on purpose or through carelessness, is a serious offense known as plagiarism.

A quotation is copying word-for-word, whether two words or a passage. Any quotations that you use in your paper must be included verbatim -- that is, without changes to either wording or punctuation

constructs a rational link between the evidence and the claim and authorizes the step we make when we draw a conclusion.

Using someone else's ideas or phrasing and representing those ideas or phrasing as our own, either on purpose or through carelessness, is a serious offense known as plagiarism.

A quotation is copying word-for-word, whether two words or a passage. Any quotations that you use in your paper must be included verbatim -- that is, without changes to either wording or punctuation

constructs a rational link between the evidence and the claim and authorizes the step we make when we draw a conclusion.

A paraphrase is a restatement of information in the source. Word choice, sentence structure and style must be noticeably different from the original.

Stated assumptions used as reasons in an argument.

A quotation is copying word-for-word, whether two words or a passage. Any quotations that you use in your paper must be included verbatim -- that is, without changes to either wording or punctuation

In a generalization one reasons that what is true of certain members of a class will also be true of other members of the same class or of the class as a whole.

A condition that motivates an argument. A rhetorical situation has five elements:

A quotation is copying word-for-word, whether two words or a passage. Any quotations that you use in your paper must be included verbatim -- that is, without changes to either wording or punctuation

A word (like some or usually) which serves to limit a claim.

constructs a rational link between the evidence and the claim and authorizes the step we make when we draw a conclusion.

A paraphrase is a restatement of information in the source. Word choice, sentence structure and style must be noticeably different from the original.

A word (like some or usually) which serves to limit a claim.

A condition that motivates an argument. A rhetorical situation has five elements

Inductive reasoning is empirical--based upon our experiences and observations in the real world. It makes use of experience and experiment--the scientific method--to arrive at conclusions. It moves from the specific to the general.

A quotation is copying word-for-word, whether two words or a passage. Any quotations that you use in your paper must be included verbatim -- that is, without changes to either wording or punctuation

constructs a rational link between the evidence and the claim and authorizes the step we make when we draw a conclusion.

A paraphrase is a restatement of information in the source. Word choice, sentence structure and style must be noticeably different from the original.

In a generalization one reasons that what is true of certain members of a class will also be true of other members of the same class or of the class as a whole.

draws a conclusion about a class based on too few or atypical examples

Text: Written Argument Reader: Audience Author: Writer of the Argument

Constraints: People, events, circumstances, and traditions that are part of the situation that constrain or limit a targeted audience and cause it to analyze and react to the situation in a critical way. Exigence: The part of the situation that signals something controversial has occurred or is present.

Primary Sources: Primary sources are the evidence left behind by participants or observers such as diaries, journals, letters, videotapes, etc. Secondary Sources: A secondary source is a work that interprets or analyzes primary sources. Secondary sources can include literary criticism and reviews or critiques of primary sources.

Fact Definition Cause Value Policy

Techniques originally applied by psychotherapist Carl Rogers that are particularly useful for reducing conflict and establishing common ground between people who hold divergent positions and who may at times express hostility toward each other.

Specific support provides the evidence, opinions, reasoning, examples, and factual information about a claim or subclaim that make it possible for the reader to accept it.

A thesis statement in an essay is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of the paper or previews its main ideas.

The mental process of moving from one statement through another to yet a further statement. The guarantee of the deductive method is that IF the premises are true and IF the argument is valid, THEN the conclusion is also true. It moves from the general to specific.

The writer introduces the issue and shows that the opponent’s position is understood by restating it. The writer shows in which contexts and under what conditions the opponent’s position may be valid.

The writer then states his or her own position, including the contexts in which it may be valid. The writer states how the opponent’s position would benefit if the opponent were to adopt elements of the writer’s position. An attempt is finally made to show that the positions complement each other.

Primary sources are the evidence left behind by participants or observers such as diaries, journals, letters, videotapes, etc. A secondary source is a work that interprets or analyzes primary sources. Secondary sources can include literary criticism and reviews or critiques of primary sources.

Facts: Factual support can include detailed reports of observed events specific examples of real happenings; references to events (either historical or recent) and statistical reports. Facts are vivid, real, and verifiable. Opinions: Interpretation of facts and events that can include either the personal opinions of the author or the opinions of the experts the author quotes.

Primary Sources: Primary sources are the evidence left behind by participants or observers such as diaries, journals, letters, videotapes, etc.

Secondary Sources: A secondary source is a work that interprets or analyzes primary sources. Secondary sources can include literary criticism and reviews or critiques of primary sources.

Specific support provides the evidence, opinions, reasoning, examples, and factual information about a claim or subclaim that make it possible for the reader to accept it.

Opinions: Interpretation of facts and events that can include either the personal opinions of the author or the opinions of the experts the author quotes.

Specific Support Types

Facts: Factual support can include detailed reports of observed events specific examples of real happenings; references to events (either historical or recent) and statistical reports. Facts are vivid, real, and verifiable.

Opinions: Interpretation of facts and events that can include either the personal opinions of the author or the opinions of the experts the author quotes.

Examples: Examples are used to clarify, to make material more memorable and interesting, and to prove.

Secondary Sources: A secondary source is a work that interprets or analyzes primary sources. Secondary sources can include literary criticism and reviews or critiques of primary sources.

The joining of two premises (two statements taken to be true) to form a third statement (a conclusion)

A thesis statement in an essay is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of the paper or previews its main ideas.

Factual support can include detailed reports of observed events specific examples of real happenings; references to events (either historical or recent) and statistical reports. Facts are vivid, real, and verifiable

A secondary source is a work that interprets or analyzes primary sources. Secondary sources can include literary criticism and reviews or critiques of primary sources.

The topic and The author’s comment on that topic.

the Claim (the main point of the argument); the Data (subclaims and specific supporting details)

Text: Written Argument Reader: Audience Author: Writer of the Argument

Toulmin Model of Argumentation

the Claim (the main point of the argument); the Data (subclaims and specific supporting details); the Warrant (the assumptions, general principles, conventions of specific disciplines, widely held values, commonly accepted beliefs, and appeals to human motives that are an important part of any argument);

the Backing (evidence/support used to back up a warrant); the Rebuttal (what is wrong, invalid, or unacceptable about an argument); and the Qualifier (words such as may be, might, many, some, most, few, possibly which illustrate the probabilities of the argument AND helps establish the arguer’s credibility and reasonableness.

define the three of the six types of conflict used in literature. be sure to include an example for each type defined define both induction and deduction. be sure to include an example of each. define both symbol and irony. give an example of each from the stories you read during this course.

Facts: Factual support can include detailed reports of observed events specific examples of real happenings; references to events (either historical or recent) and statistical reports. Facts are vivid, real, and verifiable. Opinions: Interpretation of facts and events that can include either the personal opinions of the author or the opinions of the experts the author quotes.

an argument which is either invalid or is valid but has at least one false premise.

An argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are true. It is impossible for a valid argument to have (all) true premises and a false conclusion.

A thesis statement in an essay is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of the paper or previews its main ideas

Facts: Factual support can include detailed reports of observed events specific examples of real happenings; references to events (either historical or recent) and statistical reports. Facts are vivid, real, and verifiable.

An argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are true. It is impossible for a valid argument to have (all) true premises and a false conclusion.

an argument which is either invalid or is valid but has at least one false premise.

Examples: Examples are used to clarify, to make material more memorable and interesting, and to prove.

Facts: Factual support can include detailed reports of observed events specific examples of real happenings; references to events (either historical or recent) and statistical reports. Facts are vivid, real, and verifiable.

english 102 finals

Authored by Rylee Stewart

English

University

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MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

What authors of the stories and other pieces have we read this semester

“The Tell Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

“Harrison Bergeron” by Kurt Vonnegut

Characters: The Handicapper General – Hazel – George

“The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

“A Rose for Emily” by William Faulkner

Characters: Homer Barron, Emily, Colonel Satoris

“The Yellow Wallpaper” by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

"The Giver" by Lois Lowry

“The Tell Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

"1984" by George Orwell

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

What poems did we read this semester?

Theodore Rotheke – “My Papa’s Waltz”

Langston Hughes – “Dream Variations”

Anonymous – “Sir Patrick Spence”

"The Road Not Taken" Robert Frost

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Analogy arguments

reason that because two objects resemble each other in certain known respects, they will also resemble each other in respects that are unknown.

An appeal to reason

expressing a point of view on an issue that is communicated by the arguer.

two or more people engage as equals in a dialogue to discover the best position on an issue.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Pathos

An emotional appeal.

An appeal to reason

An ethical appeal

Self arguments to deal with internal conflicts

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Logos

An emotional appeal.

An appeal to reason

An ethical appeal

Public Debate

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Ethos

An ethical appeal

An appeal to reason

An emotional appeal.

Single-perspective Argument

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Argument: The two basic methods used by all forms of productive argument:

Making a Claim: expressing a point of view on an issue that is communicated by the arguer.

Support for the Claim: using evidence and reason to convince an audience to change the way it thinks about the issue

Dialectic: two or more people engage as equals in a dialogue to discover the best position on an issue.

Negotiation and Mediation: argumentation used to reach consensus on plans of actions to solve problems.

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english 102 finals

What authors of the stories and other pieces have we read this semester

What poems did we read this semester?

Analogy arguments

Pathos

Logos

Ethos

Argument: The two basic methods used by all forms of productive argument:

Consensual Argument—Examples:

Traditional Argument—Examples:

Assumptions

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