UNIT 4 AP PSYCH

What is associative learning according to the Unit 4 study guide?

• Change in behavior that does not depend on experience.

• Learning that involves certain events occurring together.

• Process of forgetting information after learning it.

• Method that is only applied in experiments with animals.

In Pavlov's dog experiment, what does the "CS" represent?

• Unconditioned stimulus.

• Conditioned stimulus.

• Unconditioned response.

• Conditioned response.

Which of the following options correctly describes an "Unconditioned Response"?

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What phenomenon occurs when a conditioned stimulus no longer elicits a conditioned response?

• Reinforcement.

• Extinction.

• Acquisition.

• Discrimination.

Answer explanation

Extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus no longer elicits a conditioned response, leading to the weakening or disappearance of the learned behavior.

What is "generalization" in the context of conditioned learning?

• Process by which a stimulus similar to the conditioned one does not elicit a response.

• Ability to respond similarly to different conditioned stimuli.

• Loss of the conditioned response after several trials.

• Moment when a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.

Answer explanation

Ability to respond similarly to different conditioned stimuli.

What type of classical conditioning presents a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus at the same time?

• Backward conditioning

• Simultaneous conditioning

• Avoidance conditioning

• Trace conditioning

Answer explanation

Simultaneous conditioning involves presenting a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus at the same time.

In Pavlov's experiment, what type of conditioning was used to make the dogs salivate when they heard a bell?

• Operant conditioning

• Simultaneous conditioning

• Avoidance conditioning

• Trace conditioning

Answer explanation

In Pavlov's experiment, simultaneous conditioning was used to make the dogs salivate when they heard a bell by pairing the bell with food to create an association between the two stimuli.

What is an example of positive reinforcement according to the theory of conditioning?

• Remove something unpleasant

• Give something unpleasant

• Give something pleasant

• Ignore the behavior

Answer explanation

Positive reinforcement involves giving something pleasant to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring, aligning with the choice 'Give something pleasant'.

What type of learning is described as a change in behavior due to consequences?

• Observational learning

• Operant conditioning

• Classical conditioning

• Latent learning

Answer explanation

Operant conditioning is described as a change in behavior due to consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow.

What type of learning occurs only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it, according to Edward Tolman?

• Latent learning

• Learning by observation

• Operant conditioning learning

• Reinforcement learning

Answer explanation

Latent learning occurs only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it, according to Edward Tolman.