chem 4th

a measure of molecular randomness or disorder

• Entropy

• Gibbs free energy

• Chemical equilibrium

• Reversible reaction

– the energy released in a spontaneous reaction that is available to do work

• Complete reaction

• Gibbs free energy

• Chemical equilibrium

• Reversible reaction

achieved when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction and the number of components remains unchanged.

• Complete reaction

• Gibbs free energy

• Chemical equilibrium

• Reversible reaction

– is not reversible. These reactions may be kinetically hindered or have low product yield causing the system to be irreversible.

• Gibbs free energy

• Chemical equilibrium

• Reversible reaction

• Complete reaction

– is an incomplete reaction of the forward and reverse reactions. The reaction is represented by using a double-headed arrow ( <---- ---->)

• Gibbs free energy

• . Chemical equilibrium

• Reversible reaction

• Complete reaction

states that when stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, it will adjust in such a way to relieve the stress.

• Reversible reaction

• Le Chatelier’s principle

• Complete reaction

• Gibbs free energy

- a chemical substance that neutralizes alkalis, dissolves some metals, and turns litmus red; typically, a corrosive or sour-tasting liquid of this kind. (pH = less than 7)

• Acid

• Base

• Neutral

• . Amphoteric substances

• Ionization

any substance that in water solution is slippery to the touch, tastes bitter, changes the color of indicators (e.g., turns red litmus paper blue), reacts with acids to form salts. (pH = greater than 7)

• Acid

• Base

• Neutral

• Amphoteric substances

• Ionization

- are chemicals that have no properties of either acids or bases, have equal parts hydrogen and hydronium ions and don't change the color of litmus paper or other acid-base indicators.

• Acid-

• Base

• Neutral

• . Amphoteric substances

• . Ionization

- are ones that can act as either an acid or a base, depending on the medium.

• Acid

• Base

• Neutral

• Amphoteric substances

• . Ionization