TESOL Grammar Session # 2

What is top-down processing in language comprehension?

• a) Focusing on individual linguistic elements

• b) Relying on higher-level cognitive processes and context

• c) Analyzing phonetic features of spoken language

• d) Using grammar rules to decode language

Which of the following is an example of top-down processing?

• a) Identifying individual phonemes in spoken language

• b) Using prior knowledge to predict the meaning of a sentence

• c) Analyzing the grammatical structure of a sentence

• d) Decoding unfamiliar words based on their morphology

Bottom-up processing in language comprehension involves:

• a) Using background knowledge and context to understand language

• b) Analyzing individual elements of language to derive meaning

• c) Making predictions based on prior experience

• d) Applying grammar rules to interpret spoken language

Which of the following is an example of bottom-up processing?

• a) Using prior knowledge to make predictions about the meaning of a text

• b) Identifying words in a spoken sentence based on their phonetic features

• c) Using context clues to infer the meaning of an unfamiliar word

• d) Interpreting the meaning of a sentence based on its grammatical structure

When a listener relies on their knowledge of phonetics and phonology to understand spoken language, they are using:

• a) Top-down processing

• b) Bottom-up processing

• c) Metacognitive strategies

• d) Pragmatic reasoning

What is a characteristic of top-down listening?

• a) Focusing on individual linguistic elements

• b) Using prior knowledge and context to guide comprehension

• c) Analyzing the phonetic features of spoken language

• d) Decoding unfamiliar words based on their morphology

Which of the following best describes bottom-up listening?

• a) Relies on higher-level cognitive processes and context

• b) Focuses on understanding the overall message and main ideas

• c) Analyzes individual components of language to derive meaning

• d) Uses background knowledge to predict the meaning of spoken language

When a listener uses their existing schemata to make predictions about the content of spoken discourse, they are engaging in:

• a) Top-down processing

• b) Bottom-up processing

• c) Metacognitive monitoring

• d) Semantic reasoning

Which processing approach emphasizes analyzing linguistic features to understand spoken language?

• a) Top-down processing

• b) Bottom-up processing

• c) Metacognitive processing

• d) Pragmatic processing

Which processing approach focuses on understanding the overall message and main ideas of spoken language?

• a) Top-down processing

• b) Bottom-up processing

• c) Metacognitive processing

• d) Pragmatic processing