Topic 8 Exam

The theory of gravity, which helps explain the movement of the planets, was developed by the scientist

• Copernicus.

• Galileo.

• Kepler.

• Newton.

Which of the following statements about salvation represents a belief of John Calvin but not of Martin Luther?

• Salvation is determined by faith alone.

• God predetermines who will be saved.

• Following the seven sacraments can lead to salvation.

• A person can achieve salvation by performing good works.

What was the chief goal of the Jesuits during the Counter-Reformation?

• to defend past actions of the Catholic Church

• to create a new Church

• to reform the Catholic Church

• to start the Inquisition

In what ways did Leonardo da Vinci’s paintings reflect the new concerns and techniques of Renaissance art? Choose the TWO correct answers.

• realistic depiction of human figures

• use of linear perspective

• use of bright colors

• focus on religious themes

Feudalism grew weaker when

• trade and industry grew.

• national monarchies lost power.

• the Protestant Reformation began.

• the power of the Church increased.

One reason why Italy became the birthplace of the Renaissance was that

• there were more universities in Italy than in any other country.

• feudalism was not as firmly established in Italy as in other countries.

• Italy was united under a single powerful monarch.

• Roman artistic traditions had never died out in Italy.

How did growing secularism influence European writers during the Renaissance?

• They based their scientific ideas on the teachings of the Church.

• They began to translate the Bible into the vernacular.

• They wrote more books about non-religious subjects.

• They translated Greek and Arabic writings into Latin.

One of the Catholic Church’s goals in holding the Council of Trent was to

• halt the growing power of the Jesuits.

• increase the number of Catholic priests.

• proclaim that faith alone was needed to win salvation.

• stop the spread of Protestant ideas.

The astronomer Copernicus challenged traditional beliefs by suggesting that

• the Earth moves around the sun.

• the heliocentric theory was wrong.

• gravity controls the motion of the planets.

• the moon revolves around the Earth.

Francis Bacon’s contribution to the development of the scientific method was

• rediscovering the writings of ancient astronomers.

• using specific facts to make general rules.

• inventing new tools to make discoveries.

• drawing hypotheses based on mechanical laws.