Practice Quiz Unit 1.2: Scientific Reasoning

What is the definition of an inference?

• An inference is a conclusion drawn based on observations and evidence, using reasoning to arrive at conclusions from the data we have.

• An inference is a direct observation of an event without any interpretation.

• An inference is a random guess made without any supporting evidence.

• An inference is a summary of the main idea of a passage.

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How does the example of fossils on mountaintops support the idea that inferences must be based on evidence?

• The observation of fossils of sea creatures found on mountaintops provides evidence that the area was once underwater, supporting the inference with evidence.

• It shows that fossils can only be found in mountains, not in other places.

• It proves that all mountains were formed by volcanic eruptions.

• It suggests that fossils are created by weather patterns on mountaintops.

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An inference is a conclusion drawn from a hypothetical observation. What evidence would you need to support your inference?

• Relevant data supporting the observation

• Personal opinions

• Unrelated facts

• Assumptions without proof

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Scientific argumentation is based on:

• evidence and reasoning

• personal opinions

• random guesses

• tradition and beliefs

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A blind study is beneficial in which scenario, and how does it help to minimize bias?

• When testing a new drug, it prevents participants from knowing if they receive the drug or placebo, reducing bias.

• When observing natural animal behavior in the wild, it ensures animals are not disturbed.

• When conducting a survey about favorite colors, it ensures all colors are represented equally.

• When teaching a class, it ensures all students receive the same information.

Strategies to reduce bias in your study include:

• Randomizing the sample selection

• Only selecting participants who agree with your hypothesis

• Ignoring outliers in your data

• Using only one source of data

Name two characteristics of reliable sources in scientific research.

• Two characteristics of reliable sources include peer-reviewed journals and scientific institutions.

• Reliable sources are always found on social media and blogs.

• Reliable sources are those that agree with your opinion and are easy to access.

• Reliable sources are only those published in the last year.

What is confirmation bias and how can it affect scientific inquiry?

• Confirmation bias occurs when one favors information that confirms their existing beliefs, affecting scientific inquiry by potentially leading to skewed results and conclusions.

• Confirmation bias is the tendency to ignore all evidence, making scientific inquiry impossible.

• Confirmation bias is when scientists always agree with each other, ensuring accurate results.

• Confirmation bias is a method used to eliminate errors in scientific experiments.

Why is the peer review process essential in science?

• The peer review process is essential in science because it allows other experts to evaluate research for validity and reliability before it is published, ensuring the quality and credibility of scientific work.

• It allows scientists to publish their work without any evaluation.

• It ensures that only popular research is published, regardless of its accuracy.

• It speeds up the publication process by skipping expert evaluation.

Why might a blind study be beneficial in a clinical trial for a new medication?

• A blind study might be beneficial in a clinical trial for a new medication, as it helps ensure that participants' expectations do not influence the outcomes by keeping them unaware of whether they receive the treatment or a placebo.

• A blind study is beneficial because it allows researchers to give all participants the actual medication, ensuring everyone benefits equally.

• A blind study is beneficial because it guarantees that the medication will work for all participants regardless of their condition.

• A blind study is beneficial because it allows participants to choose whether they receive the treatment or the placebo.