Lecture 3

Applications are used to meet various requirements of people. Which of the following are examples of these requirements?

• Web page access

• Online gaming

• Online video playbak

• all the bove

In the computer field, what is considered the carrier of all kinds of information?

• Text

• Pictures

• Data

• Videos

Why does data need to be converted into information that can be understood by people?

• A. Because a computer can only identify digital data consisting of 0s and 1s
  

• B. Because people can read digital data directly
  

• C. Because information is more secure than data
  

• D. Because data transmission requires it

Provides interfaces for applications

• Application Layer

• Transport Layer

• Presentation Layer

• Data-Link Layer

Translates data formats to ensure that the application-layer data of one system can be identified by the application layer of another system.

• Session Layer

• Transport Layer

• Presentation Layer

• Physical Layer

Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between communicating parties.

• Session Layer

• Transport Layer

• Network Layer

• Physical Layer

Establishes, maintains, and cancels an end-to-end data transmission process; controls transmission speeds and adjusts data sequences.

• Transport Layer

• Data-Link Layer

• Network Layer

• Physical Layer

Defines logical addresses and transfers data from sources to destinations.

• Application Layer

• Transport Layer

• Network Layer

• Session Layer

Encapsulates packets into frames, transmits frames in P2P or P2MP mode, and implements error checking.

• Session Layer

• Transport Layer

• Data-Link Layer

• Physical Layer

Transmits bitstreams over transmission media and defines electrical and physical specifications.

• Presentation Layer

• Application Layer

• Transport Layer

• Physical Layer