Language and Regional Variation

Whether we think we speak a standard variety of English or not, we all speak with an ____. It is a myth that some speakers have it while others do not.

• accent

• dialect

• language

• variation

This is a key criterion in dialectology. If speakers of different dialects can generally understand each other, they are considered to be speaking different dialects of the same language. If they cannot understand each other, they are speaking different languages.

• Mutual Intelligibility

• Equal Worth of Dialects

• Social Prestige

• Regional Dialect

In the twentieth century, many dialect surveys focused on ______. These individuals were thought to have speech patterns less influenced by external factors.

• "non-mobile, older, rural, male speakers" (NORMS)

• "non-mobile,older rural, main speakers"

  (NORMS)

• "non-orieanted,older rural, male speakers"

  (NORMS)

• "non-orieanted,older rural, male speakers"

  (NORM)

What is the isoglass which divides the map ?

• is a line on a map that separates different linguistic features. It represents a boundary between areas where different words, pronunciations, or grammatical features are used.

• is a line on a map that separates different semantic features. It represents a boundary between areas where grammatical features are used.

• is a line on a map that separates different linguistic features. It represents a boundary between areas where just different words are used.

• is a line on a map that separates different dialetcs. It represents a boundary between areas where just different words are used.

When multiple isoglosses overlap, a _____ can be drawn. For example, if the "paper bag/sack" isogloss overlaps with the "pail/bucket" isogloss and several others, it forms a dialect boundary.

• dialect overlap

• semantic boundary

• dialect boundary

• semantic overlap

boundaries are not always clear-cut but often blend smoothly from one variety into another.

Traveling from Holland into Germany, one can observe a gradual transition from Dutch to German dialects. Near the border, Dutch dialects begin to resemble German dialects, making the transition less distinct.

• Dialect Transitation

• Dialect Continuum

• Dialect Passage

• Dialect Shift

• _____ involves the use of two distinct varieties of the same language in different social contexts. Typically, there is a "high" variety used for formal situations and a "low" variety used for everyday communication.

• Examples:

  • Arabic-speaking countries: Classical Arabic (high variety) is used in formal settings like religious discussions, while local dialects (low variety) are used in everyday conversations.

• Dialect Transitation

• • Diglossia

• Dialect Passage

• Dialect Shift

A ____ is a simplified form of language that develops as a means of communication between groups that do not have a language in common. This typically occurs in situations such as trade, where speakers of different native languages need to communicate for practical purposes. they have no native speakers; they are learned as second languages.

• pidgin

• creole

• dialect

• variation

A ___ develops from a pidgin when it becomes the first language of a community. As a creole, the language expands in complexity to meet the communicative needs of its speakers.

• creole

• dialect

• creol

• creolation