Culture

We use the term _____to refer to all the ideas and assumptions about the nature of things and people that we learn when we become members of social groups.

It can be defined as “socially acquired knowledge.” This is the kind of knowledge that, like our first language, we initially acquire without conscious awareness.

• customs
• culture
• heritage
• tradition

Although there is a lot of variation among all the individual “dogs” in our experience, we can use the word dog to talk about any one of them as a member of the ____.

• Ursidae
• Category

• Equidae
• Felidae

Some languages may have lots of different words for types of “rain” or kinds of “coconut” and other languages may have only one or two. Observing this difference between , we can say that there are conceptual distinctions that are _____ in one language and not in another.

• linguisticed

• geographicaled

• historicalized

• lexicalized

Which ones are the examples of lexicalized categories

• Food terms

  Time concepts

• Kinship terms

  Lexilazied terms

• Kinship terms

  Time concepts

• Animal terms

  Time concept

“language determines thought.” If language does indeed determine thought, then we will only be able to think in the categories provided by our language. For example, English speakers use one word for “snow,” and generally see all that white stuff as one thing.

• Linguistic relativity

• linguistic determinism

• Linguistic relativance

• linguistic determinance

the languages of Native Americans, such as the Hopi, led them to view the world differently from those who spoke European languages

We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages

clouds and stones are living entities and that it is their language that leads them to believe this. English does not mark in its grammar that clouds and stones are “animate,” so English speakers do not see the world in the same way as the Hopi.

• The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis

• The Hopi–Whorf hypothesis

• The Sapir–Hoi hypothesis

fresh snow, powdery snow, spring snow or the dirty stuff that is piled up on the side of the street after the snowplough has gone through. These may be categories of snow for English speakers, but they are _____. English speakers can express category variation by making a distinction using lexicalized categories

• non-lexicalized

• non-saprhfied

• not-lexicalized

• saphrfied

Uses different prefixes for humans (wa-), non-humans (mi-), and artifacts (vi-). Example: watoto (“children”), mimea (“plants”), visu (“knives”).

Japanese examples, are associated with objects conceptualized in terms of their shape as “long thin things” (hon), “flat thin things” (mai) or “small round things” (ko). banana ni-hon (“two bananas”) syatu ni-mai (“two shirts”) ringo ni-ko (“two apples”)

countalbe / non-countable in English

• Classifiers

• Social categories

• Address terms

• Gender

Women are generally more inclined to use ____ forms compared to men

• higher norm

• higher-prestige

• lower-prestige

Why women use higher-prestige forms compared to men

• Personal preference
• Historical context
• Educational background
• their socialization.