Anatomy & Physiology - CVS & Blood

Baroreceptors are located in the aorta.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Baroreceptors are sensory receptors located in the walls of certain blood vessels, particularly in the aortic arch and the carotid sinuses (which are located in the internal carotid arteries). These receptors are sensitive to changes in blood pressure. When blood pressure increases, baroreceptors send signals to the brain to decrease heart rate and dilate blood vessels, helping to lower blood pressure. Conversely, when blood pressure decreases, baroreceptors signal the brain to increase heart rate and constrict blood vessels to raise blood pressure.

 

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Global Edition.

Muscular arteries are also known as conducting arteries.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Muscular arteries are sometimes referred to as distributing arteries or intermediate arteries, but they are commonly known as conducting arteries. These arteries have a thick tunica media layer composed of smooth muscle fibers, which allows them to regulate blood flow and distribute blood to various parts of the body.

 

Cited from:

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Global Edition.

 

 

 

Substance enter and leave capilarries by ……………, transcytosis or bulk flow

Answer explanation

Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, which occurs passively down a concentration gradient. Filtration involves the movement of fluid and solutes across a membrane due to a pressure gradient. Bulk flow refers to the movement of large quantities of fluid and solutes together as a result of pressure differences. These mechanisms collectively facilitate the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products across capillary walls to maintain tissue homeostasis.

 

 

Cited from:

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Global Edition.

 

Small arteries that that deliver blood to capilaries

• Venous

• Arterioles

• Aorta

• Capilarry

Answer explanation

The small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries are called arterioles. They play a crucial role in regulating blood flow to specific tissues and organs by controlling the diameter of the blood vessels and thus influencing peripheral resistance. Arterioles are the primary site of resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system, and their constriction or dilation can have a significant impact on blood pressure and tissue perfusion.

 

Cited from:

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Tortora’s Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, Global Edition.

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the vasa vasorum?

• The vasa vasorum are small arteries that supply blood to the walls of larger blood vessels.

• The vasa vasorum are specialized cells that produce red blood cells.

• The vasa vasorum regulate blood pressure by secreting vasoactive substances.

• The vasa vasorum are lymphatic vessels that drain excess fluid from the interstitial spaces.

Answer explanation

The vasa vasorum are small blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the walls of larger blood vessels, such as arteries and veins. Their primary function is to provide nourishment to the outer layers of these vessels, which are too thick for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the lumen (the inner space) alone. The vasa vasorum play a crucial role in maintaining the health and integrity of blood vessel walls by supplying them with oxygen, glucose, and other essential nutrients. Additionally, they remove waste products and facilitate the exchange of gases and nutrients within the vessel walls. This ensures the proper functioning and structural integrity of the larger blood vessels, which is essential for the overall health of the cardiovascular system

 

Cited from:

Khurana, I., Cheng, H. M., Khurana, A., Selvaratnam, L., Ling, L. W., & Nyet, T. S. (2010). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and allied Health.

 

 

What is the function of value in the inner layer of vein?

• To prevent vein from ruptured

• To prevent the backflow of blood

• To force the blood flow

• To reduce the pressure within the vein

Answer explanation

Veins contain smooth muscle which enables them to constrict and force blood toward the heart, the valves prevent blood flow of heart.

 

Cited from:

Scanlon, V. C., & Sanders, T. (2007).p.308.  Essentials of anatomy and physiology. F A Davis Company.

 

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of nitric oxide (NO) in blood vessel regulation?

• Nitric oxide causes vasoconstriction, thereby increasing blood pressure.

• Nitric oxide inhibits the formation of blood clots, preventing thrombosis.

• Nitric oxide acts as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system, regulating heart rate.

• Nitric oxide promotes vasodilation, increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure.

Answer explanation

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in blood vessel regulation as a vasodilator. When released by endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, NO diffuses into the surrounding smooth muscle cells of the vessel walls. Inside these smooth muscle cells, NO activates an enzyme called guanylate cyclase, leading to the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP).

cGMP then triggers a cascade of events that ultimately result in the relaxation of the smooth muscle cells, causing vasodilation. Vasodilation increases the diameter of blood vessels, reducing vascular resistance, and promoting increased blood flow. This process is essential for regulating blood pressure and ensuring adequate perfusion to tissues throughout the body.

 

Cited from:

Khurana, I., Cheng, H. M., Khurana, A., Selvaratnam, L., Ling, L. W., & Nyet, T. S. (2010). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and allied Health.

 

Which of the following accurately describes the function of hemoglobin in the blood?

• Hemoglobin transports carbon dioxide from the lungs to the body tissues.

• Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the body tissues to the lungs.

• Hemoglobin assists in the clotting of blood at the site of injury.

• Hemoglobin regulates blood pressure by constricting blood vessels.

Answer explanation

One of the primary functions of hemoglobin is to bind and transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues throughout the body. Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to four oxygen molecules, allowing it to efficiently carry oxygen from the lungs where it's abundant to the tissues where it's needed for cellular respiration.

 

Cited from:

Khurana, I., Cheng, H. M., Khurana, A., Selvaratnam, L., Ling, L. W., & Nyet, T. S. (2010). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology for Nursing and allied Health

Passive process in which large number of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction based on pressure gradient is refer to the …………….. method of movement substance between blood and interstitial fluid.

• Diffusion

• Transcytosis

• Bulk flow

• Active transport

Answer explanation

Diffusion is substance move down their concentration gradient

Transcytosis is the substance in blood plasma become enclosed within pinocytotic vesicle that enter endothelial cells by endocytosis and leave by exocytosis

Cited by :

Scanlon, V. C., & Sanders, T. (2007).p.831.  Essentials of anatomy and physiology. F A Davis Company.

Two types of pressure interact to drive each of the movement in bulk flow are

• Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

• Filtration pressure and reabsorption pressure

• Osmotic pressure and filtration pressure

• Reabsorption pressure and hydrostatic pressure

Answer explanation

Two types of pressure interact to drive each of the movement in bulk flow: Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. The balance between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure determines the direction and rate of fluid movement across the capillary walls. If hydrostatic pressure exceeds osmotic pressure, fluid will move out of the capillary (filtration). Conversely, if osmotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure, fluid will move into the capillary (reabsorption). This dynamic exchange helps maintain proper fluid balance and nutrient exchange between the blood and tissues.

 

Cited from:

Textbook Equity Edition. (n.d.).p.g. 831. Anatomy and Physiology Volume 2 of 3. Lulu.com.