U3 AOS 2 Psychology Revision

William, aged five, adores his big brother Sam, aged seven. Sam recently learnt how to ride a skateboard. For Sam, learning how to ride a skateboard...

• developed neural changes in his cerebellum.

• caused a reflexive response in his nervous system.

• was a conscious response that involved his autonomic nervous system.

• led to the frequent activation of motor neurons first, followed by sensory neurons.

During lunchtime at school, Craig tells a joke to his friends and they all laugh. Later that night, Craig tells the same joke to his family at dinner time. In this situation, Craig is demonstrating...

• stimulus discrimination as an element of operant conditioning.

• stimulus generalisation as an element of classical conditioning.

• stimulus discrimination as an element of classical conditioning.

• stimulus generalisation as an element of operant conditioning.

Bernard was about to sit on a bench at the beach when he noticed that he felt happy and had been unconsciously smiling. He realised that this feeling was probably associated with his girlfriend, whom he often brings to this bench to watch the sunset. During the process of conditioning Bernard’s response, the...

• unconditioned stimulus is the bench.

• unconditioned stimulus is his girlfriend.

• association is between the sunset and his girlfriend.

• association is between his feelings and his girlfriend.

Janelle is thinking back to a recent holiday and remembering how beautiful the beach looked. In order for her to become aware of her memory of how the beach looked, she will have to...

• rehearse the information about the way the beach looked in her sensory memory to pass it to her short-term memory.

• displace the information about the way the beach looked from her short-term memory to her long-term memory.

• elaborately encode the information about the way the beach looked from her short-term memory to her long-term memory.

• retrieve the information about the way the beach looked from her long-term memory to her short-term memory.

Fred is talking to his grandma who has Alzheimer’s disease. He asks her to describe her childhood. Fred’s grandma says a few general facts, such as who the Prime Minister was, but can recall very little of her personal experiences. This can be explained by...

• the death of neurons in his grandma’s cerebellum impairing the retrieval of autobiographical events.

• the death of neurons in his grandma’s hippocampus impairing the retrieval of autobiographical events.

• the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, blocking communication between neurons.

• the presence of amyloid plaques, blocking communication within a neuron.

Long term memory consists of...

• declarative and implicit memory.

• explicit memory and declarative memory.

• semantic memory and episodic memory.

• episodic memory and declarative memory.

Hannah is a university student who has recently signed a lease to move into a rental property in an apartment block. Hannah enjoys the freedom of having her own apartment. Since moving into her new apartment, Hannah has hosted loud parties most weekends. This has resulted in her neighbours making a formal complaint to her landlord. Hannah’s landlord has sent her an official letter stating that her lease will be terminated if she continues to have loud parties. If Hannah reduces the number of loud parties in response to the contents of the letter, which principle of operant conditioning is being demonstrated?

• negative punishment, because Hannah’s neighbours are upset by her loud parties

• negative reinforcement, because the contents of the letter achieved the desired response

• negative punishment, because having her lease terminated would result in Hannah losing her apartment

• negative reinforcement, because the formal complaint by the neighbours is an unpleasant consequence

Mr Ellis and Ms Young are teachers that have different approaches to behaviour management. Mr Ellis gives his students a star each time they behave well, while Ms Young makes her students stay behind for an extra minute for each time they misbehave. What type of consequences are used by Mr Ellis and Ms Young?

• Mr Ellis uses positive reinforcement, while Ms Young uses positive punishment.

• Mr Ellis uses negative reinforcement, while Ms Young uses positive punishment.

• Mr Ellis uses positive punishment, while Ms Young uses positive reinforcement.

• Mr Ellis uses positive reinforcement, while Ms Young uses negative punishment.

Five-year-old Frank does not put his rubbish in the bin even though he has watched his parents do so many times. He has also reminded his younger sister to put her rubbish in the bin. In terms of observational learning, Frank will be most likely to put his rubbish in the bin if he...

• has the motivation to put rubbish in the bin.

• is developmentally ready to put rubbish in the bin.

• pays more careful attention to his parents’ behaviour.

• develops a mental representation of putting rubbish in the bin.

The memory that January is a month with 31 days is a type of...

• explicit memory, which is stored in the cerebellum.

• implicit memory, which is processed in the cerebellum.

• explicit memory, which is consolidated by the hippocampus.

• implicit memory, which is consolidated by the hippocampus.