AS Sport & Society

Definitions of culture, society, and social institution. Which of the following best defines a social institution?

• A group of people living in the same geographic area

• An established organisation or foundation that influences social behaviour

• A particular set of traditions and beliefs

• The total way of life of a particular group of people

The role of sport within society. Sport as a means of social control; as a social institution, as a mechanism of socialisation and as a form of national identity. How does sport act as a mechanism of socialisation?

• By enforcing strict rules and regulations

• By creating opportunities for physical fitness

• By facilitating the learning of societal norms and values

• By generating significant revenue

The importance of sport as a vehicle for the promotion of societal and cultural values such as (but not limited to) respect for authority, conforming to rules and regulations and importance of competition. In what way does sport promote the value of respecting authority?

• By encouraging individualism

• By requiring adherence to rules set by referees and officials

• By allowing athletes to create their own rules

• By focusing solely on winning

The use that governments make of sport. Which is a common reason governments invest in sport?

• To decrease national health expenditures

• To reduce the visibility of cultural heritage

• To limit international cooperation

• To control media representation

The role of the 19th century English public school and university system (three stages of development) in the codification and rationalisation of modern sport. How did 19th century English public schools contribute to modern sport?

What characterises the commercialisation of modern sport?

• Players participating for leisure only

• Athletes receiving no financial compensation

• Increased sponsorship, media rights, and financial investments

• A focus solely on amateur competition

What is shamateurism?

• Competing in sports without any training

• Athletes pretending to be amateurs while receiving payments

• Professional athletes openly participating in amateur competitions

• Athletes refusing any form of compensation

Which of the following is an example of sport being used as a political tool?

• A team winning a championship

• Athletes training for personal achievement

• A country boycotting the Olympic Games for political reasons

• Fans attending a match

How did Thomas Arnold influence the development of sport?

• By banning physical activities in schools

• By promoting sport as a means of character building and moral development

• By focusing solely on academic achievements

• By discouraging organised games

What was one significant impact of the advent of spectatorism on sport?

• Decrease in athlete participation

• Increase in amateur status of athletes

• Rise in commercial revenue through ticket sales

• Elimination of professional leagues