Understanding the Scientific Method

Which of the following best describes a hypothesis in the scientific method?

• A detailed procedure for an experiment

• A testable statement predicting the outcome of an experiment

• A summary of the results of an experiment

• A variable that is kept constant during an experiment

Answer explanation

A hypothesis is a testable statement predicting the outcome of an experiment, guiding the research process. It is not a procedure, summary, or constant variable, making the correct choice the second option.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

In an experiment to test the effect of light on plant growth, what is the independent variable?

• The amount of water given to the plants

• The type of soil used

• The amount of light the plants receive

• The height of the plants

Answer explanation

The independent variable is the factor that is changed in an experiment. In this case, it is the amount of light the plants receive, as it is the variable being tested for its effect on plant growth.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative observation?

• The plant grew 5 cm in one week

• The solution turned blue

• The temperature increased by 10 degrees Celsius

• The mass of the object is 50 grams

Answer explanation

A qualitative observation describes qualities or characteristics. 'The solution turned blue' indicates a change in color, which is qualitative, while the other options provide quantitative measurements.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

• To test multiple variables at once

• To serve as a standard for comparison

• To ensure the experiment is valid

• To increase the sample size

Answer explanation

The control group serves as a standard for comparison, allowing researchers to determine the effect of the independent variable by comparing results against this baseline, ensuring the validity of the experiment.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between correlation and causation?

• Correlation implies causation

• Causation implies correlation

• Correlation and causation are the same

• Correlation does not imply causation

Answer explanation

The correct choice, 'Correlation does not imply causation', highlights that just because two variables are correlated, it doesn't mean one causes the other. Causation requires a direct influence, which correlation alone cannot establish.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

In an experiment, what is the dependent variable?

• The variable that is changed or controlled

• The variable that is measured or observed

• The variable that remains constant

• The variable that is not used

Answer explanation

The dependent variable is the one that is measured or observed in an experiment. It responds to changes in the independent variable, making it crucial for assessing the effects of the experiment.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Which of the following best describes the term "validity" in the context of an experiment?

• The accuracy of the measurements

• The consistency of the results

• The extent to which the experiment measures what it is supposed to measure

• The number of trials conducted

Answer explanation

The correct choice, 'The extent to which the experiment measures what it is supposed to measure', defines validity. It emphasizes that validity is about accurately assessing the intended concept, rather than just measurement accuracy or consistency.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative observation?

• The liquid is clear

• The metal is shiny

• The temperature is 25 degrees Celsius

• The solution has a strong odor

Answer explanation

A quantitative observation involves numerical data. 'The temperature is 25 degrees Celsius' provides a specific measurement, while the other options describe qualities without numbers.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

What does it mean for a measurement to be precise?

• It is close to the true value

• It is consistent and repeatable

• It is taken with a high-quality instrument

• It is recorded to many decimal places

Answer explanation

Precision in measurement refers to the consistency and repeatability of results. A precise measurement yields similar results under the same conditions, regardless of how close it is to the true value.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept

In an experiment, why is it important to control variables?

• To ensure the results are due to the independent variable

• To make the experiment more complex

• To increase the number of observations

• To reduce the time needed for the experiment

Answer explanation

Controlling variables is crucial to ensure that any observed changes in the experiment are solely due to the independent variable. This helps establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship, leading to valid and reliable results.

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DOK Level 2: Skill/Concept