the alphabet and other visual elements on the page, such as the font, headings, columns, bullet points, numbers, borders, boxes, paragraph size, line spacing, use of white space, use of colour, logos, drawings, photographs, captions, diagrams, and charts
(medial S, thorn (þ), transposition of y/i and u/v. ‘V’ is usually at the beginning of words in Middle English and ‘u’ in the medial position)