European States & Empires

What geographic features characterize the European region as described in this article

• Deserts, plateaus, lakes, and valleys.
• Islands, tundras, forests, and hills.
• Canyons, swamps, cliffs, and glaciers.
• Islands, mountain ranges, and peninsulas

How did the political unity of Europe between 1600 - 1750 compare to that of China during the same period

• Europe was unified and stable, while China was fragmented and dynamic.
• Both Europe and China were politically fragmented and unstable during this period.
• China experienced political turmoil, while Europe was unified and peaceful.
• Europe was politically fragmented and dynamic, while China was politically unified and stable.

What were the major economic changes in Europe by 1750 & how did they affect the power dynamics among European states

• The complete isolation of European economies from global trade.
• The establishment of a unified currency across all European states.
• The decline of feudalism and the rise of serfdom in Eastern Europe.
• The major economic changes in Europe by 1750 included the rise of mercantilism, increased trade from colonial expansion, and early industrialization, which shifted power dynamics by enhancing the wealth and influence of states like Britain and France.

Which European countries emerged as the most powerful economically by 1750 & how did they surpass Spain & Portugal

• English

  Dutch

  Sweden

• Austria

  Hungary

  Dutch

• Sweden

  Norway

  English

• English

  Dutch

  French

How did financial innovations contribute to the strengthening of European economies during this period

• Financial innovations were primarily focused on domestic markets.
• Financial innovations strengthened European power by enabling greater trade.

• Financial innovations had no impact on trade or investment.
• Financial innovations led to the decline of European power.

In what ways did the Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment influence European cultural & intellectual values

• The Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment promoted reason, empirical evidence, individual rights, and skepticism towards authority.

• The Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment movements had no significant impact on European culture or values.

• The Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment discouraged critical thinking and promoted blind faith in cultural & intellectual values.

• The Scientific Revolution emphasized tradition and religious beliefs.

What was the status of religious conflicts in Europe by 1750 & how did this contribute to the development of a European community

• By 1750, Europe was united under a single religious authority, eliminating conflicts.
• Religious conflicts were at their peak, leading to increased division in Europe.
• Religious conflicts had no impact on the political landscape of Europe.
• By 1750, religious conflicts in Europe were declining, contributing to the emergence of a European community focused on political cooperation.

Despite the emerging sense of a European community, why did European states continue to engage in numerous wars during the 18th century

• European states continued to engage in wars due to competition for colonies, territorial disputes, and national interests.
• The 18th century was a time of universal peace and cooperation.
• European states were primarily focused on economic alliances they did not want to compete for colonies, territories or national interests

• Wars were mainly fought for cultural exchanges and diplomacy.

How did the American, French, Haitian & Latin American revolutions impact the political landscape & social order in Europe

• They had no significant effect on European politics or society.
• The revolutions led to the establishment of absolute monarchies & reshaped social orders in Europe.

• The revolutions inspired democratic ideals, challenged monarchies, and reshaped social orders in Europe.
• The revolutions promoted feudalism and traditional hierarchies that reshaped social orders in Europe.

What were the primary causes of the wars between European states in the 18th century according to this article

• Economic sanctions, balance of powers and trade wars

• Religious conflicts and crusades
• Territorial disputes, competition for colonial dominance, and the balance of power.
• Cultural exchanges, religious conflicts & political alliances