What are the three types of earthquakes by depth?

Shallow-focus, intermediate-focus, deep-focus

Surface-level, mid-level, underground

What are the three types of earthquake waves?

Primary waves, Secondary waves, Surface waves

What are the three scales used to describe an earthquake's strength?

Richter scale, Moment Magnitude scale, Modified Mercalli Intensity scale

What two main factors determine the violence of an eruption?

Viscosity of magma and gas content.

Temperature of the environment and altitude

Type of rock surrounding the volcano

Frequency of earthquakes in the area

What are the major types of solid ejecta?

The major types of solid ejecta are volcanic ash, pyroclasts, and lapilli

What is the scale used to measure the violence of a volcanic eruption?

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)

What are the four types of igneous intrusions?

Batholiths, laccolith, Dikes, Sills

Match each of the earth's three major layers

thin outer layer made of solid rock

thick middle layer made of plastic rock; divided into upper mantle, transition zone, and lower mantle

center region of the earth; divided into outer core (liquid) and inner core (solid)

What is the difference between a fault and fold?

A fault involves displacement of rock along a fracture, while a fold involves bending of rock layers.

A fault is a type of fold that occurs under high pressure.

A fold is a fracture in the rock that causes displacement.

A fault and a fold are the same geological feature.

How does one read a topographic map?

To read a topographic map, interpret contour lines for elevation, understand the scale, and use symbols for features.

Symbols on the map represent only wildlife sightings.

Topographic maps are only used for hiking trails.

Contour lines indicate water flow direction.

How does the elastic rebound theory explain the occurrence of earthquakes?

The elastic rebound theory explains that earthquakes occur when accumulated stress in rocks exceeds their strength, leading to a sudden release of energy along faults.

Earthquakes occur only due to human activities like mining and drilling.

The elastic rebound theory states that rocks remain unchanged under stress.

Earthquakes are caused by volcanic eruptions releasing gas.

What is the difference between a seismograph and a seismogram?

A seismograph is the device that records seismic activity; a seismogram is the resulting record of that activity.

A seismograph measures the intensity of earthquakes; a seismogram shows the location of the epicenter.

A seismogram is the device that records seismic activity; a seismograph is the resulting record of that activity.

A seismograph is used for predicting earthquakes; a seismogram is used for analyzing weather patterns.

How do fixed-based systems and based-isolated systems help prevent earthquake damage?

Fixed-based systems provide stability but the building takes the impact of the quake, while base-isolated systems decouple buildings from ground motion to absorb shocks.

Base-isolated systems increase the weight of the building to resist shaking.

Fixed-based systems allow buildings to sway freely during an earthquake.

Fixed-based systems are designed to collapse during seismic events.

Describe the structure of a typical volcano.

A typical volcano has a magma chamber, main vent, crater, and cone.

A volcano is just a large hole in the ground with no defined shape.

A typical volcano consists of a flat surface and no internal structure.

Volcanoes are primarily made of water and do not have a magma chamber.

What is an active volcano?

An active volcano is one that has erupted recently and is expected to erupt again.

A volcano that has never erupted before.

A volcano that has been dormant for thousands of years.

A volcano that is currently erupting.

What is a dormant volcano?

A dormant volcano is one that has not erupted for a significant period but could potentially erupt again.

A dormant volcano is one that has been completely inactive and will never erupt again.

A dormant volcano is one that has erupted recently and is expected to erupt again soon.

A dormant volcano is one that is currently erupting and shows no signs of stopping.

What is an extinct volcano?

A volcano that is no longer active and unlikely to erupt again.

A volcano that is always active and erupts frequently.

A volcano that has erupted in the last year.

A volcano that is currently erupting.

Dikes form as magma hardens in a vertical fissure

Dikes form from the erosion of sedimentary rocks.

Dikes are created by the accumulation of volcanic ash.

Dikes form when water levels rise and flood the land.

Sills form from the intrusion of magma that solidifies between existing rock layers.

Sills are formed by the erosion of surface rock layers.

Sills are created when sediment is deposited in water bodies.

Sills originate from volcanic eruptions that occur above ground.

Science Unit 2 Review

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8th Grade

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What is the study of the earth?

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The portion of the mantle between 400 Km and 1050 km beneath the surface, where the upper mantle merges into the lower mantle.

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The portion of the earth that marks the bottom of the mantle.

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The region consisting of the earth's crust and upper mantle formed by the tectonic plates.

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The plastic rock in the lower portion of the upper mantle.

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The mountain that forms when molten rock erupts form a hole in the earth's curst.

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A mountain that appears to have formed when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer.

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Science Unit 2 Review

What is the study of the earth?

The portion of the mantle between 400 Km and 1050 km beneath the surface, where the upper mantle merges into the lower mantle.

The portion of the earth that marks the bottom of the mantle.

The region consisting of the earth's crust and upper mantle formed by the tectonic plates.

The plastic rock in the lower portion of the upper mantle.

The mountain that forms when molten rock erupts form a hole in the earth's curst.

A mountain that appears to have formed when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer.

The mountain thought to have formed when the edges of two adjacent tectonic plates were pushed together, causing the layers to fold.

The mountain thought to have formed when rocks on one side of a fault were forced upward while rocks on the other side sank.

The computer system that stores and processes geographic data.

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