Environmental Criminology

What is the primary assumption of Rational Choice Theory?

• People commit crimes due to biological factors

• People commit crimes because they are influenced by their peers

• People commit crimes after weighing the potential benefits against the possible costs

• People commit crimes due to their psychological disorders

Which of the following is NOT a component of Routine Activity Theory?

• Motivated Offender

• Suitable target

• Social disorganisation

• Lack of capable guardians

Routine Activity Theory suggests that crime is likely to occur when...

• There are more police officers in the area

• Motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardians occur in the same time and place

• There is a decrease in social activities

• Crime opportunities are reduced

In Rational Choice Theory, which type of decision is concerned with whether an individual decided to engage in crime?

• Event decisions

• Involvement decisions

• Cognitive decisions

• Emotional decisions

Which of the following best described Situational Crime Prevention?

• A theory that focuses on increasing the severity of punishments for crimes

• A proactive approach that focuses on reducing opportunities for crime by environmental conditions

• A theory that believes crime is only caused by genetic factors

• A psychological approach that focuses on offenders' past traumas

Which of the following is a technique under Situational Crime Prevention that aims to “Increase the Effort” required to commit a crime?

• Installing CCTV cameras

• Hiding valuables

• Using stronger locks and security gates

• Providing counseling services for offenders

According to Routine Activity Theory, what does “suitable target” mean?

• A person who is willing to commit a crime

• A location that is under police surveillance

• An object or person that is perceived as valuable, visible, and accessible

• An area where crimes never occur

Which criminologist(s) are most associated with the development of Routine Activity Theory?

• Derek Cornish and Ronald Clarke

• Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson

• Edwin Sutherland

• Robert Agnew

What does “capable guardianship” refer to in Routine Activity Theory?

• The presence of a capable law enforcement officer only

• Any person, security device, or measure that can prevent crime from occurring

• Only the use of alarm systems

• The lack of opportunities for crimes in an area

How can Routine Activity Theory be applied to crime prevention strategies?

• By ignoring environmental factors and focusing solely on criminal punishment

• By increasing opportunities for crimes to attract more offenders

• By enhancing guardianship, hardening targets, and reducing opportunities for crime

• By assuming crime rates will decrease on their own