This video tutorial explores how atoms form covalent bonds by sharing electrons, contrasting them with ionic bonds. It explains how to represent covalent bonds using dot and cross diagrams, displayed formulas, and 3D models. The video also covers simple molecular substances and giant covalent structures, using examples like chlorine, ammonia, water, and methane. The tutorial concludes with a brief overview of polymers and giant covalent structures, emphasizing their strength due to covalent bonding.

What is the primary reason atoms form covalent bonds?

• To transfer neutrons

• To transfer protons

• To share electrons

• To share protons

In a dot and cross diagram, what do the dots and crosses represent?

• Protons and neutrons

• Neutrons from different atoms

• Electrons from different atoms

• Protons from different atoms

What is a displayed formula used for?

• Indicating the number of protons in an atom

• Showing the 3D shape of a molecule

• Displaying the atomic mass of elements

• Representing the chemical symbols and bonds between atoms

How many electrons does a hydrogen atom need to fill its outer shell?

• One

• Two

• Four

• Three

What is the molecular formula of ammonia?

• NH2

• NH3

• N2H3

• N3H

What type of forces exist between individual molecules in simple molecular substances?

• Magnetic forces

• Weak intermolecular forces

• Electrostatic forces

• Strong covalent bonds

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Which of the following is an example of a simple molecular substance?

• Diamond

• Graphite

• Water (H2O)

• Silicon dioxide

What are polymers made up of?

• Single atoms

• Repeating units called monomers

• Metallic bonds

• Ionic compounds

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Which of the following is a giant covalent structure?

• Water (H2O)

• Methane (CH4)

• Ammonia (NH3)

• Diamond

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What is the main characteristic of giant covalent structures?

• They have weak intermolecular forces

• They consist of billions or trillions of atoms in a regular lattice

• They are made up of small molecules

• They are held together by ionic bonds