Johannes Kepler, using Tycho Brahe's observations, developed his three laws of planetary motion. His First Law states that planets, like Mars, travel in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus. The Second Law, or the 'equal area in equal time' law, explains that a line from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, indicating variable speed. This law is linked to the conservation of angular momentum, a concept unknown to Kepler. These laws were later generalized to all planets, providing a foundation for understanding planetary motion.

Who provided the astronomical observations that enabled Kepler's discoveries?

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Tycho Brahe

• Isaac Newton

• Galileo Galilei

In what year did Kepler publish his first two laws of planetary motion?

• 1609

• 1619

• 1621

• 1632

What did Kepler use to support his laws of planetary motion?

• Philosophical reasoning

• Mathematical equations

• Telescope observations

• Astronomical observations of Mars

What shape are the orbits of planets according to Kepler's First Law?

• Hyperbolic

• Circular

• Elliptical

• Parabolic

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How does Mars' velocity change as it approaches perihelion according to Kepler?

• Increases

• Remains the same

• Decreases

• Becomes zero

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NGSS.HS-ESS1-4

What does Kepler's Second Law, also known as the 'equal area in equal time' law, imply about a planet's velocity?

• It varies, being faster closer to the Sun

• It increases with distance from the Sun

• It decreases with distance from the Sun

• It remains constant

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NGSS.HS-ESS1-4

What is the relationship between a planet's distance from the Sun and its orbital velocity according to Kepler?

• Constant

• Not related

• Inversely proportional

• Directly proportional

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Which of Kepler's laws was generalized to include all planets in 1621?

• Third Law

• Second Law only

• First Law only

• Both First and Second Laws

What modern concept explains the behavior described in Kepler's Second Law?

• Gravity

• Conservation of energy

• Conservation of angular momentum

• Centripetal force

Why was the concept of angular momentum important for understanding planetary motion?

• It showed the relationship between velocity and distance from the Sun

• It supported the conservation of motion in the absence of external forces

• It was a measure of the planet's speed

• It explained the elliptical orbits

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