PRACTICE for Module 12 TEST

Heliocentric Theory

• Sun-centered model of the universe

• Earth-centered model of the universe

• Explanation of the elliptical orbits

Answer explanation

The Heliocentric Theory posits that the Sun is at the center of the universe, with planets, including Earth, orbiting around it. This contrasts with the Earth-centered model, making 'Sun-centered model of the universe' the correct choice.

This person improved the telescope, discovered sun spots, observed craters on the moon and was brought before the inquisition in Rome.

• Brahe

• Galileo

• Kepler

Answer explanation

Galileo improved the telescope, discovered sunspots, and observed lunar craters. His findings challenged the geocentric model, leading to his trial by the Inquisition in Rome, making him the correct answer.

This is a systematic process for finding the truth about matters of science and society.

• Law of universal gravitation

• heliocentric theory

• scientific method

Answer explanation

The scientific method is a systematic process used to investigate phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or correct and integrate previous knowledge, making it the correct choice for finding truth in science and society.

How did Newton explain the role of God in the universe?

• He believed God had little interest in the problems of humanity.

• He imagined God as a clockmaker who created an orderly universe that could be explain through mathematics and science.

• He thought that God periodically punished humans who disobeyed him with disaster and disease.

Answer explanation

Newton viewed God as a clockmaker, creating a universe governed by order and laws that could be understood through mathematics and science, emphasizing a rational and predictable cosmos.

Which mathematician from the scientific revolution believed life's challenges could be solved through reason and mathematics?

• Francis Bacon

• Voltaire

• René Descartes

Answer explanation

René Descartes, a key figure in the scientific revolution, emphasized the use of reason and mathematics to address life's challenges, advocating for a rational approach to understanding the world.

His addition to the creation of the scientific method was to use observation and experimentation to solve every problem

• Descartes

• Locke

• Bacon

Answer explanation

Bacon's contribution to the scientific method emphasized the importance of observation and experimentation as tools for solving problems, distinguishing him from Descartes and Locke, who focused more on rationalism and empiricism, respectively.

Why did Copernicus wait until he was on his deathbed to publish his revolutionary theory that challenged the view of the universe?

• He feared punishment by Church officials.

• He had little money to hire a printer for his work.

• He needed to be sure of his mathematical calcluations.

Answer explanation

Copernicus feared punishment by Church officials for challenging the geocentric view. This fear likely delayed his publication until he was on his deathbed, when he felt less at risk.

Proposed the idea of separation of powers in government.

(a)  

• Voltaire

• Diderot

• Montesquieu

Answer explanation

Montesquieu proposed the idea of separation of powers in government in his work 'The Spirit of the Laws'. He argued that dividing government into branches would prevent tyranny and protect individual freedoms.

Helped spread Enlightenment ideas by compiling articles by leading thinkers into a 28-volume Encyclopedia.

(a)  

• Voltaire

• Diderot
• Montesquieu

Answer explanation

Diderot was instrumental in the Enlightenment by compiling articles from prominent thinkers into the 28-volume Encyclopedia, which disseminated revolutionary ideas and knowledge across Europe.

Principal author of the Declaration of Independence.

(a)  

• Wollstonecraft

• Jefferson
• Locke

Answer explanation

The principal author of the Declaration of Independence is Thomas Jefferson. He drafted the document in 1776, articulating the colonies' reasons for seeking independence from British rule.