“The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi‘ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence.” *an Arabic term designating an enslaved person, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 Despite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia in the period 1200–1450 primarily because of which of the following?

The activities of Sufi missionaries

The conquest of the Christian Crusader States in the Levant

The voyages of the Muslim eunuch Zheng He

The translation activities of Muslim scholars

“The adoption of the mamluk* institutions by the Abbasids was followed almost immediately by [the] . . . disintegration of the state. . . . The disintegration of the Abbasid state was an intensely painful process in which it seemed at times as if the very venture of Islam was coming to an end, like that of Alexander the Great before it. . . . Indeed, that Islam was soon to disappear was the very premise upon which the [Shi‘ite] revolutionaries held out their promise of a moral and material recovery: nothing less . . . could now save the marriage between religion and power to which the Islamic [state] owed its existence.” *an Arabic term designating an enslaved person, in this case, a slave soldier of Turkic origin Patricia Crone, Danish-American historian of Islamic history, Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity, 1980 The combination between religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state’s concept of governance is best reflected in which of the following?

The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the state’s supreme religious and political leader.

The Abbasid state had an influential Sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state.

The Abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy.

The Abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques.

“In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes.” Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200–1450 ?

Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.

African states such as Ethiopia maintained close contacts with South and East Asian states across the Indian Ocean but rarely had contacts with Europe.

Most African states rejected traditional forms of international diplomacy, such as dynastic marriages and tribute payments.

African states needed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with Europe in order to expand their empires.

“In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes.” Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following continuities in the development of African states in the period circa 1200–1450 most likely explains the prevalence of Christianity in Ethiopia?

Some African states’ religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries.

Some African states were famous for their religious toleration and for allowing multiple religious traditions to coexist in their territories.

African states’ official religions were typically syncretic mixtures of several different religious traditions.

While African populations mostly continued to adhere to indigenous polytheistic religions, African political elites often adopted monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam.

“In that year [1450 c.e.] there came to Naples a three-man embassy from the King of Ethiopia to His Highness, our King Alfonso. Among the ambassadors was a certain Pietro Rombulo, an Italian, native of the city of Messina. This Pietro claimed that he had lived among the Ethiopians for over 40 years. And he described to me how in Ethiopia there are innumerable Christians—since both the people and the king there worship Christ—among whom he had been able to live a good Christian life safely and honorably. The ruler of Ethiopia, King David, whom they call Zara Yacob, was said by the ambassadors to be the most civilized, the most just, and the most pious of princes.” Pietro Ranzano, Catholic Church official in Naples and Sicily, universal history written circa 1480 Which of the following was a key similarity in the policies of the rulers of African states such as Ethiopia in the period circa 1200–1450 ?

They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimacy.

They granted their subjects unrestricted freedom of speech.

They faced challenges to their power from powerful merchant elites.

They sought to achieve economic self-sufficiency by restricting trade contacts with other societies.

“I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail.” King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The terminology used in the opening sentence of the decree was most directly influenced by which of the following?

The deep influence of Christianity on medieval society and culture

The notion that the Pope is the supreme leader of the Church

The medieval rules of chivalry and courtly etiquette

The slow and uncertain nature of communications in medieval Europe

“I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail.” King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The process of “consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm” in the making of Edward III’s decree best reflects which of the following?

The fragmented, decentralized nature of European feudal monarchies

The emergence of the concept that parliaments, rather than kings, had ultimate political authority in European states

The legacy of Roman imperial political traditions on medieval European states

European rulers’ practice of making harsh legislation more palatable by claiming it was part of God’s will

“I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the reverend father in Christ William, by the grace of God archbishop of Canterbury, supreme Church leader of all England: Know that, because of the great number of people who died in the recent pestilence, those who survive see that masters need servants, which have become scarce, and so they now refuse to serve as workmen unless they receive excessive wages. That is why, I, considering the grave inconveniences that might come from the lack of such workmen, especially plowmen, and after consultations with the nobles and clergy of the realm, have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided five years ago, in the year 1346. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail.” King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, royal decree, 1351 The need for legal action to address the “grave inconveniences” that might result from the labor shortages described in the passage most likely resulted from

the agrarian nature of medieval European economies and their reliance on coerced labor

the inability of members of the nobility and other feudal lords to take direct legal action against their workers and serfs

the high social rank and economic standing of plowmen in medieval English society

the presence of guild regulations prohibiting agricultural laborers from working more than a certain number of hours each week

Which statement best summarizes the influence of the bureaucracy during the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)?

It made managing the empire more efficient, but it was very expensive

It promoted foreign trade, but made tax collection difficult

It ended corruption, but it weakened the scholar gentry class

It strengthened Buddhism, but it undermined Confucianism

China was the starting point for which of the following:

Major political thought in the West

“The evil-disposed in these districts [of England] began to rise, saying, they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no slaves, and that no one ought to be treated as such. . . . This they would not longer bear, but had determined to be free, and if they labored for their lords, they wanted to be paid for it. A crazy priest in the county of Kent, called John Ball, who for his absurd preaching, had been thrice confined in prison, inflamed those ideas. He would say: ‘Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? and what can the lords show, or what reasons give, why they should be more the masters than ourselves?’ ” The point of view of the author can best be described as

indifferent to the peasants’ grievances

sympathetic to the leaders of the revolt

The numbers of peasants to work and farm was dramatically decreased due to:

factories in the cities were better employers

landlords/nobles kicking them off the land

expansion of political freedoms gave them more choices

Which of the following is NOT one of the major networks of exchange mentioned?

The trans-Saharan Trade Network

What was a major consequence of increased connectivity in the period 1200 to 1450?

Reduction in technological innovations

Which of the following was a cultural consequence of increased connectivity?

Decrease in artistic activities

Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Mongol Empire's expansion?

Increase in international trade

Introduction of the Uighur script

What was a significant cultural impact of the Indian Ocean trade on Southeast Asia?

Introduction of European languages

Uniformity in architectural styles

Malian Emperor Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 can best be understood in the context of which of the following?

The expansion of Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia

The development of new transportation technologies

The diffusion of African culture to the Middle East

The territorial expansion of West African empires

“Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts.” *capital cities of various Chinese dynasties **capital cities of various Persian dynasties René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939 Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250–1450 represents a situation that did not lead to conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies?

Invading armies establishing and maintaining a separate community, as illustrated by the European crusader kingdoms in the Middle East

Merchants establishing diasporic communities and introducing their own traditions into the indigenous cultures, as illustrated by South Asian Muslim merchants spreading Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia

Settled societies successfully resisting nomadic encroachments, as illustrated by the Mamluks of Egypt defeating the Mongols or Muscovy expelling the Golden Horde from Russia

Conquering states fragmenting into several units because of political and social friction, as illustrated by the breakup of the Mongol Empire into individual khanates

“Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts.” *capital cities of various Chinese dynasties **capital cities of various Persian dynasties René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939 The Mongol conquests resulted in all of the following developments EXCEPT

the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia

a revival of trade on the overland Silk Roads

transfers of scientific and technological knowledge

the spread of pathogens across Eurasia, including the bubonic plague

“[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India’s southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . . To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor. The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks.” Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007 The “long stays in harbors” mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200–1450

had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons

increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports

required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles

could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India

“[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India’s southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . . To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor. The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks.” Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007 Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200–1450 ?

The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

The transfer of European scientific knowledge to South Asia

The creation of new monotheistic religions

The introduction of new financial innovations such as paper money

“[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India’s southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . . To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor. The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks.” Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007 The pattern of trade described in the passage was most characteristic of which of the following types of goods in the period 1200–1450 ?

Luxury goods such as spices or porcelain

Daily food staples such as bread or milk

Bulk commodities such as grain or coal

Livestock such as pigs or cattle

In the period 1250 to 1450, what was the most important factor in the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia?

activities of Muslim traders and Sufi missionaries

Muslim ruler's policies of religious toleration

lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists

religious zeal of Muslim soldiers to who were willing to die

Territories under Mongol control benefited from _____________.

Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together

Adoption of Buddhist religious practices

Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity

Widespread adoption of Confucian family customs

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Mongol Empire?

It re-established the Silk Road between East Asia and Europe

It imposed Mongol religious beliefs on conquered peoples

It established clear rules of succession within the empire

It banned all merchants from non-Mongol territories

Commercial practices emerged in order to:

facilitate a growing trade in luxury goods by increasing access to credit and currency

finance imperial conquests by supporting the purchase of weapons

facilitate the development of trade networks

finance Chinese artisan businesses

For sea voyages, sailors had to adhere to particular routes and the timing of travel. Why did they have to follow these guidelines?

to follow the monsoon wind patterns and Indian Ocean currents

so they wouldn't run into better-armed Portuguese ships

to control the sources of grain along the trade routes

to make sure they were not traveling during certain Islamic ritual observances

Which of the following characterized the Trans-Saharan trade by 1250?

Muslim merchants dominated trade

the bulk of trade consisted of low price goods

European Christians became directly involved in trade

most trade was carried by horse

Which of the following led most directly to the development of trans-Saharan trade networks?

innovations in transportation and commercial technologies, such as the caravanserai

the growth of cities on the Swahili Coast

overall decline in the trade of goods on the Silk Roads

emergence of the slave trade in West Africa

What did the establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitate?

increased cultural and technological exchange between China and the Islamic world

the development of Mongolian as the primary written language across most of Eurasia

improved ship design and navigation techniques

APWH Unit 1-2

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Social Studies

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10th Grade

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Hard

Gavin Edgar

Used 13+ times

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Educational reforms

Military conquests

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MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN, ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E.

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