Understanding Protein Synthesis

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

• RNA -> DNA -> Protein

• Protein -> RNA -> DNA

• DNA -> RNA -> Protein

• DNA -> Protein -> RNA

Describe the role of DNA in protein synthesis.

• DNA is only involved in the replication process, not in protein synthesis.

• DNA is solely responsible for energy production in cells.

• DNA directly translates into proteins without any intermediaries.

• DNA provides the template for mRNA synthesis, which is then translated into proteins.

What is the function of mRNA in the process of protein synthesis?

• mRNA provides energy for protein synthesis.

• mRNA acts as a template for protein synthesis.

• mRNA is responsible for DNA replication.

• mRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome.

Explain the process of transcription in detail.

• Transcription is the process of translating mRNA into proteins.

• Transcription involves the replication of DNA into another DNA strand.

• Transcription is the process of copying DNA into mRNA, involving initiation, elongation, termination, and post-transcriptional modifications.

• Transcription occurs only in prokaryotic cells without any modifications.

What are ribosomes and what role do they play in protein synthesis?

• Ribosomes are involved in lipid synthesis.

• Ribosomes are responsible for DNA replication.

• Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into proteins.

• Ribosomes transport proteins to the cell membrane.

Define translation and its significance in protein synthesis.

• Translation is the synthesis of carbohydrates from mRNA.

• Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA, crucial for cellular functions.

• Translation is the process of breaking down proteins into amino acids.

• Translation is the process of converting DNA into RNA.

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis?

• Prokaryotic protein synthesis occurs only in the nucleus, while eukaryotic occurs in the cytoplasm.

• Prokaryotic protein synthesis is simultaneous with transcription and occurs in the cytoplasm, while eukaryotic synthesis occurs after transcription in the nucleus and involves mRNA processing.

• Eukaryotic protein synthesis is simultaneous with transcription and occurs in the cytoplasm, while prokaryotic occurs after transcription in the nucleus.

• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis occur in the mitochondria.

How do tRNA molecules contribute to protein synthesis?

• tRNA molecules synthesize proteins directly in the nucleus.

• tRNA molecules act as enzymes to catalyze protein folding.

• tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome, matching them to mRNA codons during protein synthesis.

• tRNA molecules transport genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

What is the significance of codons in mRNA?

• Codons are involved in the transport of nutrients.

• Codons help in the formation of ribosomes.

• Codons are responsible for DNA replication.

• Codons in mRNA are crucial for determining the amino acid sequence in proteins.

Describe the post-translational modifications that proteins may undergo.

• Phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, methylation

• Hydrolysis

• Transcription

• Dephosphorylation