Bone Structure and Function Concepts

Bone remodeling involves the replacement of old bone tissue with new tissue, crucial for repairing fractures and micro-cracks. The process is regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, with hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin playing key roles. Bone structure includes the periosteum, cortical bone, and spongy bone, with bone marrow producing blood cells. Mechanical stress and Vitamin D also influence remodeling.

What is the primary function of bone remodeling?

• To replace old bone tissue with new tissue

• To prevent bone fractures

• To increase bone density

• To decrease bone mass

What is the periosteum?

• A joint in the bone

• A type of bone cell

• A layer covering the bone surface

• A type of bone tissue

What is the longest bone in the human body?

• Tibia

• Radius

• Humerus

• Femur

What is the function of the Haversian canal?

• To produce bone marrow

• To connect bones

• To provide blood supply and innervation

• To store calcium

What type of cells are responsible for blood cell production in the bone marrow?

• Osteoclasts

• Hematopoietic stem cells

• Chondroblasts

• Osteoblasts

Which growth factor is released by osteoblasts to stimulate myeloid cells?

• RANKL

• M-CSF

• Calcitonin

• Osteoprotegerin

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

• To form new bone tissue

• To produce cartilage

• To resorb bone tissue

• To secrete osteoid seam

What substance do osteoblasts secrete to inhibit osteoclast activation?

• Hydrochloric acid

• Collagenase

• RANKL

• Osteoprotegerin

Which hormone is released in response to low blood calcium levels?

• Parathyroid hormone

• Insulin

• Calcitonin

• Glucagon

What effect does Vitamin D have on bone remodeling?

• It inhibits calcitonin production

• It stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium

• It increases bone resorption

• It decreases calcium absorption