RM QUIZ 2

1.     What does the concept of generalization in research allow us to do?

• • Apply specific results to a broader context

• • Limit our conclusions to the specific study observed

• • Avoid making predictions based on observed data

• • Disprove theories through repeated observations

2.     What is the central idea of empiricism, as contributed by John Locke?

• • Knowledge comes only from innate ideas

• • Knowledge can only come from observations and experience

• • Knowledge is acquired through divine inspiration

• • Knowledge is purely rational and independent of experience

3.     According to Descartes' rationalism, why is reasoning considered more trustworthy than observation?

• • Our thoughts can never be wrong

• • Observation is based on flawed reasoning

• • Our senses can be easily fooled, but thoughts are certain

• • Rationalism values empirical data over reasoning

4.     According to Hegel, how do ideas evolve towards a better representation of reality?

• • Through the observation of empirical data

• • By direct experience without logical construction

• • Through a dialectic process involving thesis, antithesis, and synthesis

• • By rejecting all forms of philosophical debate

5.     What did Bertrand Russell emphasize as the route to certainty in understanding?

• • Logical reasoning without observation

• • Direct experience and breaking things down into their component parts

• • Using only theoretical knowledge

• • The synthesis of ideas without empirical observation

6.     What philosophy is primarily associated with the Vienna Circle?

• • Rationalism

• • Logical positivism

• • Realism

• • Rational empiricism

7.     According to logical positivists, what makes an idea meaningful?

• • Its theoretical importance

• • Its empirical testability or verifiability

• • Its philosophical significance

• • Its rational coherence

8.     According to realists, why is causality important in scientific discovery?

• • It is irrelevant since only association can be observed.

• • It helps uncover the complexity of why an association is observed.

• • It is unnecessary because positivism relies on empirical data alone.

• • It is a theoretical concept that cannot be measured.

9.     Why is verifiability considered untenable for modern science?

• • Because verifiability doesn’t allow for testing theories indirectly.

• • Because so much of modern science relies on conceptual and unobservable constructs.

• • Because verifiability requires immediate empirical testing.

• • Because verifiability doesn’t allow for the observation of fundamental forces.

  Answer: B

10.     How does the hypothetico-deductive method approach the search for scientific knowledge?

• • By confirming existing theories through additional observations.

• • By systematically seeking conflicting or falsifying information.

• • By ignoring anomalies that do not fit established theories

• • By focusing solely on qualitative data without testing.