Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Discuss the organization of the skeletal system.

• The skeletal system is organized into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
• The skeletal system is made up of soft tissues and muscles.
• The skeletal system is divided into the central and peripheral skeleton.
• The skeletal system consists only of the skull and spine.

Discuss the classification, types, location, structure and functions, the blood and nervous supply of bones, joints, cartilages and muscles.

• Cartilages are rigid structures that do not allow movement.
• Muscles do not require blood supply for function.
• Bones are only found in the skull and spine.
• Bones, joints, cartilages, and muscles are classified by type and function, located throughout the body, structured for support and movement, and supplied by blood and nerves for nourishment and control.

Discuss the formation, growth and repair process of bones, joints, cartilages and muscles;

• Joints do not undergo any repair process after injury.
• Cartilages grow exclusively through cellular division without any external factors.
• The formation, growth, and repair of bones, joints, cartilages, and muscles involve ossification, hypertrophy, and regeneration processes.
• Bones are formed only through muscle contraction.

Discuss the chemical composition of bone;

• Bone is composed of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite, along with other minerals.
• Bone consists mainly of water and carbohydrates.
• Bone is composed of only minerals without any organic components.
• Bone is primarily made of muscle fibers and fat.

Describe the effects of diet on bone development in children and bone maintenance in older adults;

• Excessive protein consumption is essential for bone health.
• High sugar intake strengthens bones in children.
• A diet low in fats is crucial for maintaining bone density.
• Diet rich in calcium and vitamin D promotes bone development in children and maintains bone density in older adults.

Compare and contrast the structure of the four (4) bone classes; providing examples of each class.

• Cylindrical bones (e.g., radius)
• 1. Long bones (e.g., femur), 2. Short bones (e.g., carpals), 3. Flat bones (e.g., skull), 4. Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae)
• Compact bones (e.g., tibia)
• Skeletal bones (e.g., pelvis)

Identify bone markings

• Surfaces, edges, and ridges.
• Joints, muscles, and fascia.
• Processes, depressions, and openings.
• Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.

What are the two main groups of the human skeleton?

• Axial and Appendicular

• Cranial and Facial

• Long and Short

• Compact and Spongy

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

• 80

• 126

• 206

• 300

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

• Support

• Movement

• Protection

• All of the above