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  Contents

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  • Named galaxies

  • Naked-eye galaxies

  • Observational firsts

  • Prototypes

  • Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type

    Toggle Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type subsection

    • Closest galaxies

    • Most distant galaxies

      • Timeline notes

  • Galaxies by brightness and power

  • Galaxies by mass and density

  • Galaxies by size

  • Field galaxies

  • Interacting galaxies

    Toggle Interacting galaxies subsection

    • Galaxy mergers

  • Galaxies with some other notable feature

  • See also

    Toggle See also subsection

    • Lists of galaxies

  • Notes

  • References

  • External links

  List of galaxies

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  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

  This is a general list of galaxies. For more specific lists, see Lists of galaxies.

  This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

  Size (left) and distance (right) of a few well-known galaxies put to scale

  The following is a list of notable galaxies.

  There are about 51 galaxies in the Local Group (see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list), on the order of 100,000 in the Local Supercluster, and an estimated 100 billion in all of the observable universe.^[1]

  The discovery of the nature of galaxies as distinct from other nebulae (interstellar clouds) was made in the 1920s. The first attempts at systematic catalogues of galaxies were made in the 1960s, with the Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies listing 29,418 galaxies and galaxy clusters, and with the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, a putatively complete list of galaxies with photographic magnitude above 15, listing 30,642. In the 1980s, the Lyons Groups of Galaxies listed 485 galaxy groups with 3,933 member galaxies. Galaxy Zoo is a project aiming at a more comprehensive list: launched in July 2007, it has classified over one million galaxy images from The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, The Hubble Space Telescope and the Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey.^[2]

  There is no universal naming convention for galaxies, as they are mostly catalogued before it is established whether the object is or is not a galaxy. Mostly they are identified by their celestial coordinates together with the name of the observing project (HUDF, SDSS, 3C, CFHQS, NGC/IC, etc.)

  Named galaxies

  [edit]

  This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.

  ImageGalaxyConstellationOrigin of nameNotesAndromeda GalaxyAndromedaAndromeda, which is shortened from "Andromeda Galaxy", gets its name from the area of the sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda.Andromeda is the closest big galaxy to the Milky Way and is expected to collide with the Milky Way around 4.5 billion years from now. The two will eventually merge into a single new galaxy called Milkdromeda.Antennae GalaxiesCorvusAppearance is similar to an insect's antennae.Two colliding galaxiesBackward GalaxyCentaurusIt appears to rotate backwards, as the tips of the spiral arms point in the direction of rotation.Bear Paw GalaxyLynxIt resembles the appearance of a bear's claw.Also known as "Bear Claw Galaxy."Black Eye GalaxyComa BerenicesIt has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.Also known as "Sleeping Beauty Galaxy."Bode's GalaxyUrsa MajorNamed for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.Also known as Messier 81. The largest galaxy in the M81 Group. It harbors a supermassive black hole 70 million times the mass of the Sun.Butterfly GalaxiesVirgoLooks are similar to a butterfly.Cartwheel GalaxySculptorIts visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel.The largest in the Cartwheel Galaxy group, made up of four spiral galaxiesCigar GalaxyUrsa MajorAppears similar in shape to a cigar.Also known as Messier 82 or M82Circinus GalaxyCircinusNamed after the constellation it is located in (Circinus).Coma Pinwheel GalaxyComa BerenicesNamed after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the Coma Berenices constellation.Also known as Messier 99 or M99Comet GalaxySculptorThis galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet.The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster, Abell 2667.Condor GalaxyPavoNamed after a condor, a type of vulture that is one of the largest flying birds.The largest known spiral galaxy, it has a diameter of over 665,300 light-years (204.0 kiloparsecs).^[3] It is tidally disturbed by the smaller lenticular galaxy IC 4970.^[4]Cosmos Redshift 7SextansThe name of this galaxy is based on a Redshift (z) measurement of nearly 7 (actually, z = 6.604).^[5]Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.^[5]Eye of GodEridanusNamed after its structural appearanceA prototype for multi-arm spiral galaxiesEye of SauronCanes VenaticiDue to its resemblance to the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings.Fireworks GalaxyCygnus and CepheusDue to its bright and spotty appearanceActive starburst galaxyGrasshopperLynxNamed after its appearance to a grasshopperTwo colliding galaxiesHockey Stick GalaxiesCanes VenaticiIts elongated and curved appearance resembles a hockey stick.Also known as Crowbar GalaxyHoag's ObjectSerpens CaputThis is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy.It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ring galaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object.Large Magellanic CloudDorado/MensaNamed after Ferdinand MagellanThis is the fourth-largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.^[6]Lindsay-Shapley RingVolansNamed after its discoverer, Eric Lindsay, his professor Harlow Shapley, and its nature as a ring galaxy.The ring is the result of collision with another galaxyLittle Sombrero GalaxyPegasusNamed after its similarity to the Sombrero Galaxy.Malin 1Coma BerenicesDiscovered and named by David Malin.Medusa MergerUrsa MajorEjected dust from the merging galaxies is said to look like the snakes that the Gorgon Medusa from Greek mythology had on her head.Sculptor Dwarf GalaxySculptorSimilar to the Sculpture GalaxiesAlso known as Sculptor Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Sculptor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy, and formerly as the Sculptor SystemMice GalaxiesComa BerenicesAppearance is similar to a mouse.Small Magellanic CloudTucanaNamed after Ferdinand MagellanThis forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.Mayall's ObjectUrsa MajorThis is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.^[7][8][9]Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape.Milky WaySagittarius (centre)The appearance from Earth of the galaxy—a band of lightThe galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.Needle GalaxyComa BerenicesNamed due to its slender appearance.Also known as Caldwell 38Wolf-Lundmark-MelotteCetusNamed for the three astronomers instrumental in its discovery and identification.Paramecium GalaxyPegasusNamed after its appearance to the organism ParameciumIt is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments.Peekaboo GalaxyHydraGalaxy (aka HIPASS J1131-31) was hidden behind a relatively fast-moving foreground star (TYC 7215-199-1) and became observable when the star moved aside.Galaxy, relatively nearby, is considered one of the most metal-poor ("extremely metal-poor" (XMP)), least chemically enriched, and seemingly primordial, galaxies known.^[10][11]Pinwheel GalaxyUrsa MajorSimilar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy).Also known as Messier 101 or M101Sculptor GalaxySculptorNamed after its location in the Sculptor Constellation. Also called the Silver Dollar or Silver Coin Galaxy, because of its light and circular appearance.Also known as the Silver Coin, Silver Dollar Galaxy or Caldwell 65Sombrero GalaxyVirgoSimilar in appearance to a sombrero.Also known as Messier Object 104 or M104Southern Pinwheel GalaxyHydraNamed after its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy and its location in the southern celestial hemisphere.Spider GalaxyBoötesNamed after its appearance of a spiderSunflower GalaxyCanes VenaticiSimilar in appearance to a sunflower.Tadpole GalaxyDracoThe name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole.This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail.Triangulum GalaxyTriangulumNamed after its location within the Triangulum constellation.Whirlpool GalaxyCanes VenaticiFrom the whirlpool appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits.

  Naked-eye galaxies

  [edit]

  This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high in altitude, during clear and stable weather.

  Naked-eye galaxiesGalaxyApparent
  MagnitudeDistanceConstellationNotesMilky Way−6.5^[a]0Sagittarius (centre)This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth. Most things visible to the naked eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance.^[12]Large Magellanic Cloud0.9160 kly (49 kpc)Dorado/MensaVisible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.^[12][13][14]Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC 292)2.7200 kly (61 kpc)TucanaVisible only from the southern hemisphere.^[12][15]Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)3.42.5 Mly (770 kpc)AndromedaOnce called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.^[12][16]Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598)5.72.9 Mly (890 kpc)TriangulumBeing a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies.^[17]Centaurus A (NGC 5128)6.8413.7 Mly (4.2 Mpc)CentaurusCentaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara.^[18]Bode's Galaxy (M81, NGC 3031)6.9412 Mly (3.7 Mpc)Ursa MajorHighly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.^[19][20][21]Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253)8.012 Mly (3.7 Mpc)SculptorNGC 253 has been observed with the naked eye by Timo Karhula.^[22]

  • Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy is not listed, because it is not discernible as being a separate galaxy in the sky.

  Observational firsts

  [edit]

  FirstGalaxyConstellationYearNotesFirst spiral galaxyWhirlpool galaxyCanes Venatici1845Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing M51 (recognition of the spiral shape without the recognition of the object as outside the Milky Way).^[23]Notion of galaxyMilky Way Galaxy
  & Andromeda galaxySagittarius (centre)
  & Andromeda1923Recognition of the Milky Way and the Andromeda nebula as two separate galaxies by Edwin Hubble.First Seyfert galaxyNGC 1068 (M77)Cetus1943
  (1908)The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908; however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.^[24]First radio galaxyCygnus ACygnus1951Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.^[25][26]First quasar3C273Virgo19623C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar.3C48Triangulum19603C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar.First superluminal galactic jet3C279Virgo1971The jet is emitted by a quasarFirst low-surface-brightness galaxyMalin 1Coma Berenices1986Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976.^[27]First superluminal jet from a SeyfertIII Zw 2Pisces^[28]2000^[29]

  Prototypes

  [edit]

  This is a list of galaxies that became prototypes for a class of galaxies.

  Prototype GalaxiesClassGalaxyConstellationDateNotesBL Lac objectBL Lacertae (BL Lac)LacertaThis AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects.Hoag-type GalaxyHoag's ObjectSerpens CaputThis is the prototype Hoag-type ring galaxyGiant LSB galaxyMalin 1Coma Berenices1986^[30]FR II radio galaxy
  (double-lobed radio galaxy)Cygnus ACygnus1951^[31]Starburst galaxyCigar GalaxyUrsa MajorFlocculent spiral galaxyNGC 2841Ursa Major

  Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type

  [edit]

  TitleGalaxyConstellationDistanceNotesClosest galaxyUrsa Major IIIUrsa Major32,600 light-years
  (10 kiloparsecs)A proposed dwarf galaxy known as the Canis Major Overdensity may lie closer at 25,000 light-years, however its status as a galaxy is disputed.Most distant galaxyJADES-GS-z14-0Fornaxz=14.32High-redshift Lyman-Break galaxy in the constellation Fornax. It was discovered in 2024 using NIRcam as part of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. It has a redshift of 14.32, making it the furthest galaxy and astronomical object ever discovered.Closest quasarMarkarian 231Ursa Majorz=0.0415Sometimes classified as a Type-2 Seyfert galaxy, though mostly considered to be the nearest quasar.Most distant quasarUHZ1Sculptorz=10.1Gravitationally lensed quasar behind Pandora's Cluster (Abell 2744). It is also the first quasar observed beyond a redshift of 10.^[32][33]Closest radio galaxyCentaurus A (NGC 5128, PKS 1322–427)Centaurus13.7 Mly^[34]Most distant radio galaxyTGSS J1530+1049Serpensz=5.72^[35]Another radio galaxy, GLEAM J0917-0012, may either lie at z=2.01 or as distant as z=8.21.^[36]Closest Seyfert galaxyCircinus GalaxyCircinus13 MlyClosest undisputed Seyfert galaxy. It has been proposed that the nearby (2.05 Mly) dwarf galaxy NGC 185 may also be a Seyfert,^[37] though this status has been disputed.^[38]Most distant Seyfert galaxyHSC 0921+0007Hydraz=6.56^[39]Seyfert 1 galaxy; also a low-luminosity quasar.Closest blazarMarkarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452)Ursa Majorz=0.030This is a BL Lac object.^[40][41]Most distant-known blazarQ0906+6930Ursa Majorz=5.47This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar-type blazar.^[42][43]Closest BL Lac objectCentaurus ACentaurus13.7 MlyMisaligned BL Lac nucleus.^[44] Also the closest radio galaxy (see above)Most distant BL Lac objectFIRST J233153.20+112952.11Pegasusz=6.57^[45]Closest LINERMost distant LINERz=Closest LIRGMost distant LIRGz=Closest ULIRGIC 1127 (Arp 220/APG 220)Serpens Caputz=0.018^[46]Most distant ULIRGz=Closest starburst galaxyIC 10 (UGC 192, PGC 1305)Cassiopeia750 ± 150 kpc (2,450,000 ± 489,000 ly)A mild starburst galaxy, this is the only such galaxy within the Local Group.^[47][48]Most distant starburst galaxySPT 0243-49z=5.698^[49][50]

  Closest galaxies

  [edit]

  See also: List of nearest galaxies

  5 Closest GalaxiesRankGalaxyDistanceNotes1Milky Way Galaxy0This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.2Ursa Major III0.032 Mly3Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy0.081 Mly4Large Magellanic Cloud0.163 MlyLargest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way5Small Magellanic Cloud0.197 Mly

  • Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.

  • Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

  Nearest Galaxies by TypeTitleGalaxyDateDistanceNotesNearest galaxyMilky Wayalways0This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.Nearest galaxy to the Milky WaySagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy19940.070 MlyThe closest, undisputed galaxy. The disputed dwarf galaxy Canis Major Overdensity is even closer at 25,000 light-years.Nearest dwarf galaxySagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy19940.070 MlyNearest major galaxy to the Milky WayAndromeda Galaxyalways2.54 MlyFirst identified as a separate galaxy in 1923Nearest giant galaxyMaffei 1196711 MlyNearest major elliptical galaxy to the Milky Way

  Nearest Neighboring Galaxy Title-holderGalaxyDateDistanceNotesUrsa Major III20230.01 MlySagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy1994–20230.026 MlyLarge Magellanic Cloudantiquity–19940.163 MlyThis is the upper bound, as it is the nearest galaxy observable with the naked eye.Small Magellanic Cloud1913–19140.197 MlyThis was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables. In 1914, he did it for LMC.Andromeda Galaxy19232.5 MlyThis was the first galaxy determined to not be part of the Milky Way.

  • Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.

  • Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

  Most distant galaxies

  [edit]

  See also: List of the most distant astronomical objects

  Most Remote Galaxies by TypeTitleGalaxyDateRedshift^[b]NotesMost remote galaxy confirmed (spectroscopic redshift)JADES-GS-z14-02024z=13.2JADES-GS-z14-0 is the most distant galaxy with a spectroscopic redshift as of June 2024.^[51]Most remote quasarQSO J0313–18062021z=7.64Most distant as of January 2021.^[52] Further information: List of quasars

  Timeline of Most Remote Galaxy Record-holders^[c]GalaxyDateDistance
  (z=Redshift)^[b]NotesGN-z112016–z=11.09Announced March 2016.^[53]EGSY8p7
  (EGSY-2008532660)2015–2016z=8.68This galaxy's redshift was determined by examining its Lyman-alpha emissions, which were released in August 2015.^[54][55]EGS-zs8-12015–2015z=7.730This was the most distant galaxy as of May 2015.^[56][57]Z8 GND 52962013–2015z=7.51^[58]SXDF-NB1006-22012–2013z=7.215^[59]GN-1080362012–2012z=7.213^[60]BDF-32992012–2013z=7.109^[61]IOK-12006–2010z=6.96This was the most remote object known at the time of discovery. In 2009, gamma ray burst GRB 090423 was discovered at z=8.2, taking the title of most distant object. The next galaxy to hold the title also succeeded GRB 090423, that being UDFy-38135539.^[62][63][64]SDF J132522.3+2735202005–2006z=6.597This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.^[64][65]SDF J132418.3+2714552003–2005z=6.578This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.^{[65][66][67][68]}HCM-6A2002–2003z=6.56This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28^{[66][67][69][70][71][72]}SSA22−HCM11999–2002z=5.74This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasar SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in the universe known. This was followed by another quasar, SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in 2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28^[73][74]HDF 4-473.01998–1999z=5.60This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.^[74]RD1 (0140+326 RD1)1998z=5.34This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.^{[74][75][76][77][78]}CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G21997–1998z=4.92These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. It exceeded the mark set by quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.897^{[74][76][77][79][80][81]}

  From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.^[81] That list is available at list of quasars.

  8C 1435+631994–1997z=4.25This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.73, discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy to hold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, that was found beyond redshift 4.^{[74][82][83][84]}4C 41.171990–1994z=3.792This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1158+4635, discovered in 1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasar PC 1247-3406, became the most remote object known, at z=4.897^{[74][83][84][85][86]}1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419, B2 0902+34)1988–1990z=3.395This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasar Q0051-279 at z=4.43, discovered in 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasar PC 1158+4635 was discovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxy discovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift 2.^{[74][86][87][88][89]}3C 2561984–1988z=1.819This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.^[74][90]3C 2411984z=1.617This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.^[91][92]3C 3241983–1984z=1.206This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.^[74][91][93]3C 651982–1983z=1.176This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974. In 1982, quasar PKS 2000-330 at z=3.78 became the most remote object.3C 3681982z=1.132This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.^[74]3C 2521981–1982z=1.105This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.3C 6.11979 –z=0.840This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.^[74][94]3C 3181976 –z=0.752This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.^[74]3C 4111975 –z=0.469This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.^[74]

  From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.^[81] That list is available at list of quasars.

  3C 2951960–z=0.461This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of its redshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997. In 1964, quasar 3C 147 became the most distant object in the universe known.^{[74][81][95][96][97]}LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)1951–1960z=0.2
  (V=61000 km/s)This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08^h 55^m 4^s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).^{[74][97][98][99][100][101][102][103]}LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)1936–z=0.13
  (V=39000 km/s)The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14^h 30^m 6^s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.^{[101][104][105]}LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)1932 –z=0.075
  (V=23000 km/s)This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07^h 05^m 0^s +35° 04′^[104][106]BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster1931–1932z=
  (V=19700 km/s)^{[106][107][108][109]}BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster1930–1931z=
  (V=11700 km/s)^[109][110]NGC 48601929–1930z=0.026
  (V=7800 km/s)^[111][112]NGC 76191929z=0.012
  (V=3779 km/s)Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance; however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.^{[111][113][114]}NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)1921–1929z=0.006
  (V=1800 km/s)At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.^{[101][111][113][115][116][117][118]}M104 (NGC 4594)1913–1921z=0.004
  (V=1180 km/s)This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda—which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.^{[111][115][118]}M81antiquity –
  20th century^[d]11.8 Mly z=-0.10)This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked eye. It is 12 million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it is moving toward us faster than cosmological expansion.Messier 1011930–Using the pre-1950s Cepheid measurements, M101 was one of the most distant so measured.Triangulum Galaxy1924–1930In 1924, Edwin Hubble announced the distance to M33 Triangulum.Andromeda Galaxy1923–1924In 1923, Edwin Hubble measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question of whether or not there were galaxies, or if everything was in the Milky Way.Small Magellanic Cloud1913–1923This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables.

  Timeline notes

  [edit]

  • MACS0647-JD, discovered in 2012, with z=10.7, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.^[119]

  • UDFy-38135539, discovered in 2009, with z=8.6, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed.^[120] Follow-up observations have failed to replicate the cited redshift measurement.

  • A1689-zD1, discovered in 2008, with z=7.6, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.

  • Abell 68 c1 and Abell 2219 c1, discovered in 2007, with z=9, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed.^[121]

  • IOK4 and IOK5, discovered in 2007, with z=7, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.

  • Abell 1835 IR1916, discovered in 2004, with z=10.0, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed. Some follow-up observations have failed to find the object at all.

  • STIS 123627+621755, discovered in 1999, with z=6.68, does not appear on this list because its redshift was based on an erroneous interpretation of an oxygen emission line as a hydrogen emission line.^{[122][123][124]}

  • BR1202-0725 LAE, discovered in 1998 at z=5.64 does not appear on the list because it was not definitively pinned. BR1202-0725 (QSO 1202-07) refers to a quasar that the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy is near. The quasar itself lies at z=4.6947^[75][78]

  • BR2237-0607 LA1 and BR2237-0607 LA2 were found at z=4.55 while investigating around the quasar BR2237-0607 in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The quasar itself lies at z=4.558^[125][126]

  • Two absorption dropouts in the spectrum of quasar BR 1202-07 (QSO 1202-0725, BRI 1202-0725, BRI1202-07) were found, one in early 1996, another later in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The early one was at z=4.38, the later one at z=4.687, the quasar itself lies at z=4.695^{[74][127][128][129][130]}

  • In 1986, a gravitationally lensed galaxy forming a blue arc was found lensed by galaxy cluster CL 2224-02 (C12224 in some references). However, its redshift was only determined in 1991, at z=2.237, by which time, it would no longer be the most distant galaxy known.^[131][132]

  • An absorption drop was discovered in 1985 in the light spectrum of quasar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21 This does not appear on the list because it was not definitively fixed down. At the time, it was claimed to be the first non-QSO galaxy found beyond redshift 3. The quasar itself is at z=3.197^[74][133]

  • In 1975, 3C 123 was incorrectly determined to lie at z=0.637 (actually z=0.218).^[134][135]

  • From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe was held by a succession of quasars.^[81] That list is available at list of quasars.

  • In 1958, clusters Cl 0024+1654 and Cl 1447+2619 were estimated to have redshifts of z=0.29 and z=0.35, respectively. However, no galaxy was spectroscopically determined.^[97]

  Galaxies by brightness and power

  [edit]

  TitleGalaxyDataNotesIntrinsically brightest galaxyBaby Boom GalaxyStarburst galaxy located 12 billion light-years awayBrightest galaxy to the naked eyeLarge Magellanic CloudApparent magnitude 0.6This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness.Intrinsically faintest galaxyUrsa Major IIIAbsolute magnitude +2.2This does not include dark galaxies.Lowest surface brightness galaxyAndromeda IXMost luminous galaxyWISE J224607.57-052635.0As of 21 May 2015, WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521 is the most luminous galaxy discovered and releases 10,000 times more energy than the Milky Way galaxy, although smaller. Nearly 100 percent of the light escaping from this dusty galaxy is Infrared radiation.^[136][137] (Image)Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6)Cosmos Redshift 7Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.^[5][138]

  Galaxies by mass and density

  [edit]

  TitleGalaxyDataNotesLeast massive galaxySegue 2~550,000 M_SunThis is not considered a star cluster, as it is held together by the gravitational effects of dark matter rather than just the mutual attraction of the constituent stars, gas and black holes.^[139][140]Most massive galaxyESO 146-IG 005~30×10¹² M_SunCentral galaxy in Abell 3827, 1.4 Gly distant.^[141][142]Most dense galaxyM85-HCC1This is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy^[143]Least dense galaxyMost massive spiral galaxyISOHDFS 271.04×10¹² M_SunThe preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591^[144]Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s)Andromeda I^[145]

  Galaxies by size

  [edit]

  See also: List of largest galaxies

  TitleGalaxyConstellationDiameterEstimation methodNotesSmallest known galaxyUrsa Major IIIUrsa Major3 parsecs (9.8 light-years)Half-light radiusA Milky Way satellite dwarf galaxy.Largest known galaxyESO 383-76Centaurus540.89 kiloparsecs (1,764,000 light-years)90% total B-lightCentral galaxy of Abell 3571Largest spiral galaxyNGC 6872Pavo220 kiloparsecs (718,000 light-years)D_25.5 isophoteInteracting galaxy, stripped by IC 4970.Largest irregular galaxyUGC 6697Leo62.82 kiloparsecs (205,000 light-years)D₂₅ isophoteDisrupted spiral-like galaxy, possible jellyfish galaxy.Largest lenticular galaxyESO 248-6Eridanus530.62 kiloparsecs (1,731,000 light-years)90% total B-lightCentral galaxy of Abell 3112.Largest starburst galaxyAbell 2125 BCGUrsa Minor219.28 kiloparsecs (715,000 light-years)2MASS K-band total mag

  Field galaxies

  [edit]

  Main article: Field galaxy

  List of field galaxiesGalaxyDataNotesNGC 4555UGC 2885SDSS J1021+1312^[146]

  A field galaxy is a galaxy that does not belong to a larger cluster of galaxies and hence is gravitationally alone.

  Interacting galaxies

  [edit]

  Main article: Interacting galaxy

  Galaxies in tidal interactionGalaxiesDataNotes

  • Milky Way Galaxy

  • Large Magellanic Cloud

  • Small Magellanic Cloud

  The Magellanic Clouds are being tidally disrupted by the Milky Way Galaxy, resulting in the Magellanic Stream drawing a tidal tail away from the LMC and SMC, and the Magellanic Bridge drawing material from the clouds to the Milky Way galaxy.

  • Whirlpool Galaxy (NGC 5194, M51a)

  • NGC 5195 (M51b)

  The smaller galaxy NGC 5195 is tidally interacting with the larger Whirlpool Galaxy, creating its grand design spiral galaxy architecture.

  • M81

  • M82

  • NGC 3077

  These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.^[147]

  • NGC 6872 and IC 4970

    • NGC 6872

    • IC 4970

  NGC 6872 is a barred spiral galaxy with a grand design spiral nucleus, and distinct well-formed outer barred-spiral architecture, caused by tidal interaction with satellite galaxy IC 4970.Tadpole GalaxyThe Tadpole Galaxy tidally interacted with another galaxy in a close encounter, and remains slightly disrupted, with a long tidal tail.

  Galaxies in non-merger significant collisionGalaxiesDataNotesArp 299 (NGC 3690 & IC 694)These two galaxies have recently collided and are now both barred irregular galaxies.

  Galaxies disrupted post significant non-merger collisionsGalaxiesDataNotesMayall's ObjectThis is a pair of galaxies, one which punched through the other, resulting in a ring galaxy.

  Galaxy mergers

  [edit]

  Galaxies undergoing near-equal mergerGalaxiesDataNotesAntennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244)2 galaxiesTwo spiral galaxies currently starting a collision, tidally interacting, and in the process of merger.Eyes Galaxies (NGC 4435 & NGC 4438, Arp 120)2 galaxiesTwo galaxies which have interacted or still interacting via an off-center collision, both had interacted with M86 in the past.Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568)2 galaxiesTwo spiral galaxies in the process of starting to merge.Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, NGC 4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC 820, Arp 242)2 galaxiesTwo spiral galaxies currently tidally interacting and in the process of merger.NGC 5202 galaxiesTwo spiral galaxies undergoing collision, in the process of merger.NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 & IC 2163)2 galaxiesThese are two spiral galaxies starting to collide, in the process of merger.NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090 & NGC 5091)2 galaxiesThese two galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging.NGC 7318 (Arp 319, NGC 7318A & NGC 7318B)2 galaxiesThese are two starting to collideFour galaxies in CL0958+47024 galaxiesThese four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.^[148]Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377z=3.03This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.^[149][150]Galaxy protocluster SPT2349-56z=4.3 (14 galaxies)This protocluster is located at 12.4 billion light years from the Earth. Each of these galaxies are forming stars at 1000 times that of the Milky Way, nicknamed the Dusty Red Core.^[151]

  Recently merged galaxies of near-equalsGalaxyDataNotesStarfish Galaxy (NGC 6240, IC 4625)This recently coalesced galaxy still has two prominent nuclei.

  Galaxies undergoing disintegration by cannibalizationDisintegrating GalaxyConsuming GalaxyNotesCanis Major Dwarf GalaxyMilky Way GalaxyThe Monoceros Ring is thought to be the tidal tail of the disrupted CMa dg.Virgo Stellar StreamMilky Way GalaxyThis is thought to be a completely disrupted dwarf galaxy.Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical GalaxyMilky Way GalaxyM54 is thought to be the core of this dwarf galaxy.

  Objects considered destroyed galaxiesDefunct GalaxyDestroyerNotesOmega CentauriMilky Way GalaxyThis is now categorized a globular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.^[152]Mayall IIAndromeda GalaxyThis is now categorized a globular cluster of Andromeda. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that Andromeda cannibalized.Gaia SausageMilky Way GalaxyIt is now considered a remnant of a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way about 8-11 billion years ago. It is the last major merger of the Milky Way in its lifetime.

  Galaxies with some other notable feature

  [edit]

  Galaxy nameDistanceConstellationPropertyNotesSDSS J081421.68+522410LynxGiant radio lobesAlso termed Alcyoneus. Its radio lobes are the largest known structure made by a single galaxy.^[153]M87VirgoThis is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the Local Supercluster^[154] It contains the first black hole ever imaged, in April 2019, by the Event Horizon Telescope.M102Draco (Ursa Major)^{[clarification needed]}This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested.NGC 2770Lynx"Supernova Factory"NGC 2770 is referred to as the "Supernova Factory" due to three recent supernovae occurring within it.Arp 122Arp 122 is a collision of NGC 6040 and PGC 56942 or NGC 6039.NGC 3314 (NGC 3314a and NGC 3314b)Hydraexact visual alignmentThis is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.ESO 137-001Triangulum Australe"tail" featureLying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.^{[155][156][157][158]}Comet GalaxySculptorinteracting with a galaxy clusterLying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.4C 37.11230 MpcPerseusLeast separation between binary central black holes, at 24 ly (7.4 pc)OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.SDSS J150636.30+540220.9
  15^h 06^m 36.30^s+54° 02′ 20.9″
  ("SDSS J1506+54")z = 0.608BoötesMost efficient star productionMost extreme example in the list of moderate-redshift galaxies with the highest density starbursts yet observed found in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data (Diamond-Stanic et al. 2012).^[159]Cosmos Redshift 7z = 6.604SextansBrightest distant galaxy (z > 6, 12.9 billion light-years)Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.^[5][138]

  Galaxies (left/top, right/bottom): NGC 7541, NGC 3021, NGC 5643, NGC 3254, NGC 3147, NGC 105, NGC 2608, NGC 3583, NGC 3147, MRK 1337, NGC 5861, NGC 2525, NGC 1015, UGC 9391, NGC 691, NGC 7678, NGC 2442, NGC 5468, NGC 5917, NGC 4639, NGC 3972, The Antennae Galaxies, NGC 5584, M106, NGC 7250, NGC 3370, NGC 5728, NGC 4424, NGC 1559, NGC 3982, NGC 1448, NGC 4680, M101, NGC 1365, NGC 7329, NGC 3447

  See also

  [edit]

  • Galaxy

  • Galaxy groups and clusters

  • Illustris project

  • List of galaxy groups and clusters

  • List of galaxy superclusters

  • Lists of astronomical objects

  • Local Group

  • Milky Way Galaxy

  • Supercluster

  • Virgo Supercluster

  Lists of galaxies

  [edit]

  Main article: Lists of galaxies

  • Local Group

  • List of largest galaxies

  • List of nearest galaxies

  • List of polar-ring galaxies

  • List of spiral galaxies

  • List of ring galaxies

  • List of quasars

  Notes

  [edit]

  1. ^ Excluding the Sun. Using the formula for addition of apparent magnitudes, the added magnitudes of all stars in the Milky Way but the Sun (−6.50) and the Sun (−26.74) differs from the apparent magnitude of just the sun by less than 10^-8.^[160]

  2. ^ Jump up to:^{a b} z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.

  3. ^ quasars and other AGN are not included on this list, since they are only galactic cores, unless the host galaxy was observed when it was most distant.

  4. ^ antiquity – 1913 (based on redshift); antiquity – 1930 (based on Cepheids)

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  External links

  [edit]

  • Wolfram Research: Scientific Astronomer Documentations – Brightest Galaxies

  • 1956 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae by Milton L. Humason, Nicholas U. Mayall, Allan Sandage

  • 1936 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae by Milton L. Humason

  • 1925 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: [ ] by Vesto Slipher

  • (1917) First Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: Nebulae by Vesto Slipher

  • Interactive Map of the Visible Universe with Galaxies: Deep Space Map

  hide

  • v

  • t

  • e

  Galaxies

  Morphology

  • Disc

  • Lenticular

    • barred

    • unbarred

  • Spiral

    • anemic

    • barred

    • flocculent

    • grand design

    • intermediate

    • Magellanic

    • unbarred

  • Dwarf galaxy

    • elliptical

    • irregular

    • spheroidal

    • spiral

  • Elliptical galaxy

    • cD

  • Irregular

    • barred

  • Peculiar

  • Ring

    • Polar

  Structure

  • Active galactic nucleus

  • Bar

  • Bulge

  • Central massive object

    • Galactic Center

  • Dark matter halo

  • Disc

    • Disc galaxy

  • Halo

    • corona

  • Galactic plane

  • Galactic ridge

  • Interstellar medium

  • Protogalaxy

  • Galaxy filament

  • Spiral arm

  • Supermassive black hole

    • Ultramassive

  Active nuclei

  • Blazar

  • LINER

  • Markarian

  • Quasar

  • BL Lacertae object

  • Radio

    • X-shaped

    • DRAGN

  • Relativistic jet

  • Seyfert

  Energetic galaxies

  • Lyman-alpha emitter

  • Lyman-break

  • Luminous infrared

    • ULIRG

    • HLIRG

    • ELIRG

  • Starburst

    • blue compact dwarf

    • pea

    • faint blue

    • Luminous infrared galaxy

  • Hot dust-obscured

  • Green bean galaxy

  • Hanny's Voorwerp

  • Wolf-Rayet galaxy

  Low activity

  • Low surface brightness

  • Ultra diffuse

  • Dark galaxy

  • Red nugget

  • Blue Nugget

  • Dead disk

  Interaction

  • Field

  • Galactic tide

  • Groups and clusters

    • group

    • cluster

    • Brightest cluster galaxy

    • fossil group

  • Interacting

    • merger

    • collision

    • cannibalism

  • Jellyfish

  • Satellite

  • Stellar stream

  • Superclusters

  • Walls

  • Voids and supervoids

    • void galaxy

  Lists

  • Galaxies

    • Galaxies named after people

    • Largest

    • Nearest

    • Polar-ring

    • Ring

    • Spiral

  • Groups and clusters

  • Large quasar groups

  • Quasars

  • List of the most distant astronomical objects

  • Starburst galaxies

  • Superclusters

  • Voids

  See also

  • Extragalactic astronomy

  • Galactic astronomy

  • Galactic coordinate system

  • Galactic habitable zone

  • Galactic magnetic fields

  • Galactic orientation

  • Galactic quadrant

  • Galaxy color–magnitude diagram

  • Galaxy formation and evolution

  • Galaxy rotation curve

  • Gravitational lens

  • Gravitational microlensing

  • Illustris project

  • Intergalactic dust

  • Intergalactic stars

  • Intergalactic travel

  • Population III stars

  • Galaxy X (galaxy)

  • Category

  • Portal

  Portals:

  • Stars

  • Spaceflight

  • Outer space

  • Solar System

  • Science

  Categories:

  • Galaxies

  • Lists of galaxies

  • This page was last edited on 28 September 2024, at 23:20 (UTC).

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• Fredbear's Family Diner William Afton and Henry opened in 1967 the family friendly Fredbear's Family Diner, featuring a brown furry suit of a bear as a mascot. Henry would usually wear the suit, as they didn't have enough money to hire someone to do the job for a long time and they were studying at the time. William studied engineering and Henry business adminstration and communication. William met an unnamed woman, with whom he married and three years later had a boy challed Michael. They met in the court; William was being charged for murdering a child that allegedly was crying outside the Diner for being scared of Fredbear, the bear, and she was working selling hot-dogs in from of the building. (Btw, he was released because they didn't have evidences pointing it). It took them four years to actually achieve any success with the Diner, as they learnt from little Michael that Fredbear was boring. William them designed a new mascot: a yellow furry suit of a rabbit called Bonnie. The chemistry between both characters worked like black magic and the success rained on them like rain in a rainy day. The amount of money they got was so much, William used it to test his engineering skills, designing the first two Spring Lock suits: which were obviously Bonnie and Fredbear. The success increased. Freddy Fazbear's Pizza The Diner's success was so big, a company decided buy it and open a franchise around it. Hanry and William sold it, seeing a whole lot of profit coming from it, but there was a catch: the company used sneaky legal actions that allowed them to have the diner 100% under their possession, erasing Henry's and Michael's name from it. The company then opened Fazbear's Entertainment to take care of everything. William was so pissed because of this he cut any relationship with anyone involved with the franchise. Henry, on the other hand, didn't know any other thing to do, so he asked for a job; he became Phone Guy. FFP opened in 1973, and featured four furry suits of animals: Freddy Fazbear, a recolour of Bonnie, Chica and Foxy The Pirate. This made William even more pissed when he learnt they made four animatronics without him. He started planning his revenge. Btw, the Diner was still opened - as a sister location for FFP. The Origin of Purple Guy In 1976 William had twins: a little blonde girl and a little brunette boy. He started to teach Michael to take care of them, because "Daddy won't be around forever". During his free time, William started designing and projecting new robots (he hated the name "animatronics") and plans for his own company: Afton Robotics. But he had another plan under his sleeve: ruin FFP from the inside. He disguised himself as Dave Miller and started working applied for day time security guard at FFP. As he was always wearing purple - the uniform's colour - and usually hid in the shadows to stay out of sight of anyone who might recognize him, he was nicknamed by every child as "The Purple Guy". During this time, in 1980, he did his evil plan: using the Spring Bonnie suit he built years earlier, he lured five children to a back room, murdered them and hid inside the body of the animatronics. In case you're wondering what he did with the fifth one, he obviously hid it inside a spare Freddy suit he then painted yellow, duh. Fortunately for Billy, they actually caught Henry instead of him, as one of the cameras caught him walking around in one of the suits. He got out sometime later, as they managed to prove he had some mental disabilities and had a fixation with wearing the suits around, and had no violent behaviour. But Dave? Well, he was fired when FFP closed. Circus Baby With the help of the money he got from selling the children's organs in the black market, William opened Afton Robotics and had everything ready to open his own kid-friendly restaurant: Circus Baby's Pizza World. The problem is that he got a new hobby, and this where his hill went down. He liked so much the idea of killing children and the profit he could get from selling their organs - healthy children organs are way more valuable than adults' -, he made special alterations in his robots, turning them into kid-kidnapping and killing machines. The problem is that, in 1982, he accidently let his daughter get close to Baby when he wasn't looking; and Baby killed her. He knew he was the one to blame, but he actually blamed Michael for this, saying that he, as the older brother, should've protected her. This incident lead to the pizzeria's cancellation and William's divorce. His wife took Michael and the other boy with her, leaving him alone. His new hobby and this incident in his life lead him to become a human monster. The Children Going a little away from the entire "Afton story arch", let's talk about the children he murdered. The first one came to possess a Puppet from FFP. The other five, with the help of the first one, possessed the suits they were stuffed inside. They then started killing any adult they could at night, when there was no children around, because they thought every adult was the "Purple Guy" they heard of when they were still alive. The Bite of '83 William's ex-wife took the children and they started living close the Diner, that was still running great. For the good old times, before the problems, she would take them there. William, on the other didn't like it in the slightest, and bought a warehouse close to their house, where he built an underground room he used to monitor cameras installed in the house, the Diner and in the street. He also started to prepare the warehouse to building Circus Baby Entertainment & Rental. He also returned to his Dave Miller persona, working at the Diner, taking a closer looka at his sons. The Crying Child After the Baby Incident, Michael became a rebel teenager who, rebelling against his father's will, bullied his younger brother. For the brother's unluckiness, he was also traumatized for actually having witnessed Baby killing his sister in the year before. For his luckiness, though, he had a reliable friend: Psychic Friend Fredbear. Unbeknown for him, the plush was actually a camera his father used to check on him. More unbeknown for him, when the plush talked with him, it was actually the spirit of his sister, who was haunting William's warehouse, and with supernatural abilities managed to speak through the camera system. The Bite per se You all know how it happened. Birthday party, bad joke, head inside the bear's mouth and chomp, child's head's crushed. He went to the hospital, but died. His sister tried to help him, but in the end he became a ghost purple bear, crying in the corners of anywhere the suit that killed him was at. William's Revenge After the Bite, Michael's mother committed suicide and he was taken under William's keeping. But Billy wasn't happy with his son, who caused the death of another one of his children. William projected the new building to have a place for torturing children - specially made for Michael, actually. The room was designed to mimic Michael's room from the other house, so when he would fall asleep, William would take him to the "nightmare" room (Michael would be drugged) and unleash nightmarry robotic versions of the Fazbear animatronics to haunt him at night, giving him some reminders of what he did to his brother. This marked Michael for life, and turned him a better person, actually. 1987 OMG, this is long, isn't it? Well, in 1987 another FFP opened, with new animatronics. William became Dave again and killed more five children. The place temporarily shut down, reopened in November, but didn't last after Mangle bit someone. Henry was once again without a job. The problem is that, in this attempt, they recognized Dave as William, so he had to hid himself for his own safety. Fixing past mistakes During the time hiding, William started pondering about his decisions in life, and how it screwed everything for him. He caused the death of his family, lasting only him and his older son. That was it! The solution! If he, William, ruined everything, Micheal could be the one to fix everything! He then sent a letter to Michael, explaining everything he should do. William was aware of the spirits and possessions, and knew his daughter was haunting CBE&R, so he sent Michael there first. Then Sister Location happened and all that jazz. Or should I say, casual bongos? Kill me. So, Baby first thought Michael was William, but then she recongnized his brother and saw an opportunity for her and the other sentient robots from the Rental to leave - using him as a "human disguise". To prevent his brother died from this, she did some black magic researchs and found a way to prevent him from dying. Then Ennard came to be, Michael was fooled into the Scooping Room and became a suit. Ennard tried to live a life as a regular human being pretending to be Michael, but unfortunately the black magic didn't prevent flesh from rotting, so the disguise was ruined and Ennard left Michael' body, now living in the sewers, waiting for It to start shooting, hoping to get a role in it. But, even though Michael became an undying walking corpse, his job wasn't done, he had one last thing to do: free the souls of his father's victims. So, he went to work at FFP, that reopened in the 90's, to check if the possession thing was really going on there. Oh, Henry died there before Michael begin to work. Michael got a fake name - Mike Schmidt (he wasn't as good with names as his father was) -, and worked there. He was unfortunately fired for being a smelly corpse and "supposedly tampering the animatronics". So he waited for when the pizzeria closed for good. With the help of Shadow Freddy, who was actually the spirit of his younger brother, he dismantled the animatronics, freeing the children's souls from their physical restraints. For Michael's unluckiness, in FNaF Universe rotten corpses are purple, which lead the spirits into believing he was the Purple Guy and consequently attacking him. Thankfully, Michael remember about the Spring Bonnie suit he could use to fool the spirits his father told him. Unfortunately, the suit failed on him, crushing his body. As the spirits thought their killer was dead for good, they left. Michael stayed there, sitting in an abandoned room, a rotten body inside a broken rotten suit, with his brother. FNaF 3 No one likes FNaF 3. You all know what happens here. The Future After Fazbear's Fright burnt down, in an attempt from Michael to remove the suit - he thought the fire would disintegrate the suit, but it only hurt more -, he concluded the last thing he had to do in his neverending life was to go after his father, one to caused all the shit that happened to everyone in this freaking franchise. So, what's to come? Only FNaF 6 will answer us.

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