Who is known for introducing the idea of operant conditioning?

• John B. Watson

• B.F. Skinner

• Ivan Pavlov

• Jean Piaget

Answer explanation

B.F. Skinner is known for introducing operant conditioning, a learning process that uses reinforcement or punishment to shape behavior. In contrast, Watson focused on behaviorism, Pavlov on classical conditioning, and Piaget on cognitive development.

What does behaviourism focus on?

• Mental processes

• Observable behaviours

• Schemas

• Higher-order thinking

Answer explanation

Behaviourism focuses on observable behaviours rather than internal mental processes. It emphasizes the study of actions that can be seen and measured, making 'observable behaviours' the correct choice.

Which psychologist is associated with the concept of schemas?

• John B. Watson

• B.F. Skinner

• Jean Piaget

• Ivan Pavlov

Answer explanation

Jean Piaget is known for his work on cognitive development and introduced the concept of schemas, which are mental structures that help organize and interpret information.

What is a key component of behaviourist practice in the classroom?

• Immediate feedback

• Delayed feedback

• No feedback

• Random feedback

Answer explanation

Immediate feedback is crucial in behaviourist practice as it reinforces desired behaviours right away, helping students understand what they did correctly or incorrectly, thus promoting effective learning.

What is the focus of cognitivism?

• Observable behaviours

• Mental processes

• Rewards and punishments

• Classical conditioning

Answer explanation

Cognitivism focuses on mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving, contrasting with behaviorism, which emphasizes observable behaviors. Thus, the correct answer is mental processes.

Who emphasised the importance of active learning and discovery in cognitivism?

• John B. Watson

• B.F. Skinner

• Jean Piaget

• Jerome Bruner

Answer explanation

Jerome Bruner emphasized active learning and discovery in cognitivism, advocating that learners construct knowledge through experiences, contrasting with the behaviorist views of Watson and Skinner.

What is an example of a reinforcement strategy in behaviourism?

• Scaffolding

• Praise for correct answers

• Ignoring mistakes

• Punishing errors

Answer explanation

In behaviorism, reinforcement strategies encourage desired behaviors. 'Praise for correct answers' is a positive reinforcement that motivates learners to continue performing well, making it the correct choice.

What does scaffolding help students do in cognitivism?

• Engage in higher-order thinking

• Memorise facts

• Ignore complex problems

• Avoid learning

Answer explanation

Scaffolding supports students in breaking down complex tasks, enabling them to engage in higher-order thinking. This approach encourages deeper understanding and problem-solving rather than mere memorization or avoidance.

What is the role of feedback in behaviourist practice?

• To delay learning

• To reinforce learning

• To confuse students

• To ignore mistakes

Answer explanation

Feedback plays a crucial role in behaviourist practice by reinforcing learning. It provides learners with information about their performance, helping them to understand what they did well and what needs improvement.

Which learning theory involves building knowledge through stages of cognitive development?

• Behaviourism

• Cognitivism

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

Answer explanation

Cognitivism is the learning theory that emphasizes the development of knowledge through stages, focusing on how individuals process information and develop cognitive skills over time.