3.1 Understanding the Rock Cycle

During a geology field trip, Abigail and Liam observed layers of sediment on a riverbank. What is the process called when sediment is compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rock?

• Metamorphism

• Lithification

• Erosion

• Weathering

Answer explanation

The process of lithification involves the compaction and cementation of sediment, transforming it into sedimentary rock. This distinguishes it from metamorphism, erosion, and weathering, which are different geological processes.

During a geology field trip, Abigail and Jackson discovered a rock that was formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Which type of rock did they find?

• Sedimentary

• Metamorphic

• Igneous

• Fossiliferous

Answer explanation

Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form from sediment, and metamorphic rocks arise from existing rocks under heat and pressure. Fossiliferous is a type of sedimentary rock.

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NGSS.MS-ESS2-1

During a geology class, Aria and Olivia are discussing the factors that cause changes in mineral composition and texture in rocks. What is the primary agent of metamorphism they should consider?

• Water

• Pressure

• Wind

• Ice

Answer explanation

The primary agent of metamorphism is pressure, which alters the mineral composition and texture of rocks. Unlike water, wind, or ice, pressure directly influences the physical and chemical properties of minerals during metamorphic processes.

During a field trip, Aiden noticed that some rocks had broken down into smaller pieces over time. Which of the following processes is responsible for this?

• Melting

• Erosion

• Weathering

• Deposition

Answer explanation

Weathering is the process that breaks down rocks into smaller pieces through physical, chemical, or biological means. Erosion involves the movement of these particles, while melting and deposition are different processes.

What type of rock can be transformed into metamorphic rock through heat and pressure?

• Only igneous rock

• Only sedimentary rock

• Only other metamorphic rock

• Any type of rock

Answer explanation

Any type of rock, including igneous, sedimentary, and existing metamorphic rock, can be transformed into metamorphic rock through the processes of heat and pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Any type of rock'.

Which process involves the movement of sediment from one location to another?

• Erosion

• Deposition

• Compaction

• Cementation

Answer explanation

Erosion is the process that involves the movement of sediment from one location to another, often caused by wind, water, or ice. It differs from deposition, which is the laying down of sediment.

What is the term for molten rock beneath the Earth's surface?

• Lava

• Magma

• Basalt

• Granite

Answer explanation

The term for molten rock beneath the Earth's surface is magma. When it erupts onto the surface, it is called lava. Basalt and granite are types of rock formed from cooled magma and lava, respectively.

Which type of rock is most likely to contain fossils?

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

• Sedimentary

• Volcanic

Answer explanation

Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation of sediments, which can include organic materials. This makes them the most likely type of rock to contain fossils, as they preserve the remains of ancient organisms.

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NGSS.MS-LS4-1

Charlotte and Kai observed a statue in the park that had become worn and discolored over time. What is the process by which rocks are broken down by chemical reactions?

• Physical weathering

• Chemical weathering

• Biological weathering

• Mechanical weathering

Answer explanation

Chemical weathering is the process where rocks are broken down through chemical reactions, altering their mineral composition. This distinguishes it from physical, biological, and mechanical weathering, which involve different processes.

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NGSS.MS-PS1-2

During a science class, Nora asked, "What is the main difference between magma and lava?"

• Magma is solid, lava is liquid

• Magma is found underground, lava is found on the surface

• Magma is cooler than lava

• Magma is only found in volcanoes

Answer explanation

The main difference is that magma is found underground, while lava is the term used for magma that has erupted onto the surface. This distinction is crucial in understanding volcanic activity.