1. 1. All of the following are process-based theories that use mental processes to understand motivation and behavior, except for :

• A. Self-efficacy Theory

• B. Expectancy Theory

• C. Self-determination Theory

• D. Goal-Setting Theory

2. 2. In expectancy theory, which of the following is necessary for effort to lead to good performance ?

• A. A high need for achievement and challenging goals.

• B. A fair and objective performance appraisal system.

• C. A focus on external rewards rather than personal goals.

• D. Regular comparisons of input-output ratios with others.

3. 3. Which theory is related to self-confidence and belief in one's ability to do things ?

• A. Equity Theory

• B. Self-concordance Theory

• C. Regulatory Focus Theory

• D. Self-efficacy Theory

4. 4. According to expectancy theory, for an employee to exert high effort, which of the following relationships must be perceived as strong ?

• A. Effort and performance, performance and rewards, rewards and personal goals.

• B. Effort and rewards, rewards and personal goals, goals and ability.

• C. Performance and feedback, rewards and personal responsibility, feedback and goals.

• D. Job design and performance appraisal, rewards and equity, reinforcement and need.

5. 5. According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which of the following would most likely increase and employee's motivation ?

• A. Higher salary

• B. Better working conditions

• C. Recognition for achievements

• D. Flexible working hours

6. 6. Which theory suggests that people are motivated when they believe their efforts will lead to a desired outcome ?

• A. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• B. Expectancy Theory

• C. Equity Theory

• D. McClelland's Theory of Needs

7. 7. According to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), what factor can undermine motivation in a previously enjoyed task ?

• A. Lack of interest in the task

• B. Increased control over actions

• C. Extrinsic rewards making it feel like an obligation

• D. Autonomy in choosing the task

8. 8. Which of the following basic psychological needs is considered most important for attitudinal and affective outcomes according to Self-Concordance Theory ?

• A. Need for competence

• B. Need for autonomy

• C. Need for relatedness

• D. Need for extrinsic rewards

9. 9. In Regulatory Focus Theory, individuals with a prevention focus are primarily concerned with :

• A. Pursuing goals for intrinsic interest

• B. Achieving rewards and positive outcomes

• C. Avoiding negative outcomes and maintaining security

• D. Improving their sense of competence

10. 10. The theories below are the context-based theories of motivation, except :

• A. Operant conditioning theory

• B. Reinforcement theory

• C. Regulatory focus theory

• D. Social-learning theory