What is the definition of learning according to the text?

• A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

• A temporary change in behavior

• A process of forgetting information

• A change in behavior due to external rewards

Which of the following is NOT a type of learning mentioned?

• Non-associative learning

• Associative learning

• Cognitive learning

• Instrumental learning

In classical conditioning, what does the unconditioned stimulus (US) refer to?

• The response of salivation

• The food that naturally elicits a response

• The light that signals food

• The neutral stimulus before conditioning

What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

• The initial learning of a conditioned response

• The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli

• The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period

• The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response

What does stimulus generalization refer to?

• Learning to respond only to the original stimulus

• Responding to new stimuli similar to the original stimulus

• The process of forgetting a conditioned response

• The ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli

What is the law of effect as described by Thorndike?

• All behaviors are instinctual

• Learning occurs only through classical conditioning

• Behaviors followed by rewards are strengthened

• Behaviors are learned through observation

In Skinner's experiments, what is shaping?

• Reinforcing only the desired behavior

• Using food as a primary reinforcer

• Conditioning by punishing unwanted behavior

• Gradually reinforcing closer approximations to the desired behavior

What are ratio schedules in instrumental conditioning?

• Reinforcement that is always immediate

• Reinforcement based on the number of responses

• Reinforcement based on the time elapsed

• Reinforcement that occurs randomly

Who is associated with the concept of observational learning?

• Pavlov

• Thorndike

• Skinner

• Bandura

What does intrinsic motivation refer to?

• Motivation that requires constant reinforcement

• Motivation driven by internal feelings

• Motivation that is always negative

• Motivation driven by external rewards