Module 2

What is the primary purpose of a model in Cyber-Physical Systems?

• To control physical processes directly

• To understand, design, and analyze systems

• To replace real systems

• To only observe system failures

What is the main characteristic of a continuous model?

• State changes at discrete intervals

• Uses state machines exclusively

• Operates only in digital systems

• State variables change continuously over time

In Cyber-Physical Systems, discrete models often use:

• State machines

• Differential equations

• Physical sensors

• Continuous feedback

Hybrid models are a combination of:

• Physical and virtual components

• Continuous and discrete models

• Sensors and actuators

• Software and hardware systems

Which type of dynamics does a traffic light control system exemplify?

• Continuous dynamics

• Hybrid dynamics

• Discrete dynamics

• Mixed dynamics

In a hybrid system, which component represents continuous dynamics?

• Differential equations

• State machines

• Event logs

• Signal transitions

An example of a continuous model in Cyber-Physical Systems is:

• Digital clock

• Cruise control in vehicles

• Automated traffic lights

• Light switch

Which modeling technique is used to represent both continuous and discrete behaviors?

• • Continuous model

• Discrete model

• Hybrid model

• Static model

In the context of CPS, what does the term "receptiveness" mean for an FSM?

• System only accepts certain inputs

• All states are connected to one another

• A transition is enabled for every input value

• System cannot revert to a previous state

The primary variable in a discrete model changes

• Continuously over time

• Based on conditions at specific intervals

• Using continuous equations

• Without external triggers