2.3 Vocabulary Practice

focuses on what words look like.

• Structural processing

• Automatic Processing

• Central Executive

Answer explanation

Structural processing focuses on the appearance of words, analyzing their form and structure. This is why it is the correct answer, as it directly relates to how words look.

persistence of learned behavior or experience during a period when it is not being performed or practiced, as indicated by the ability to recall, recognize, reproduce, or relearn it. And, the storage and maintenance of a memory. Retention is the second stage of memory, after encoding and before retrieval. the retention of encoded information over time.

• Retention/Storage

• Structural processing

• Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer explanation

The correct choice is Retention/Storage, as it refers to the persistence of learned behavior and the ability to recall or recognize information over time, which aligns with the definition provided in the question.

processing on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

• shallow encoding

• Encoding

• Echoic memory

Answer explanation

The correct answer is 'shallow encoding' as it refers to processing based on the structure or appearance of words, unlike deeper encoding methods that involve semantic understanding.

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

• sensory memory

• Semantic memory

• Iconic memory

Answer explanation

The correct answer is sensory memory, which refers to the immediate and very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. It captures stimuli from the environment for a short duration.

long-term memory for the skills involved in particular tasks. Procedural memory is demonstrated by skilled performance and is often separate from the ability to verbalize this knowledge.

• Procedural memory

• Sensory memory

• Episodic memory

Answer explanation

Procedural memory refers to the long-term memory for skills and tasks, demonstrated through performance rather than verbalization. This distinguishes it from other types of memory, making it the correct choice.

memory that retains a few items for only several seconds, in contrast to secondary memory. The term was used in dual-store models of memory before being replaced by short-term memory. [introduced by William James].

• Primary memory system

• Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

• Working memory model (Baddeley & Fitch)

Answer explanation

The correct answer is 'Primary memory system', which refers to the memory that retains a few items for several seconds. This term was used in early dual-store models before being replaced by 'short-term memory'.

in the working memory model, a component that briefly holds and manipulates information about the appearance of objects and their location in space.

• Visuospatial sketchpad

• Phonological loop

• Prospective memory

Answer explanation

The visuospatial sketchpad is a component of the working memory model that temporarily holds and manipulates visual and spatial information, making it the correct choice for this question.

the brief retention of information in a highly accessible state. a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

• working memory

• Iconic memory

• Explicit memory

Answer explanation

The correct answer is 'working memory' as it refers to the active processing of auditory and visual-spatial information, distinguishing it from other types of memory like iconic or explicit memory.

a memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch the short-term maintenance and manipulation of information necessary for performing complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.

• Working memory model

• Levels of processing model (Craik & Lockhart)

• Multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

Answer explanation

The Working Memory Model, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, describes the short-term maintenance and manipulation of information essential for complex cognitive tasks like learning and reasoning.

in the working memory model, a component that holds and manipulates auditory information over short intervals of time.

• Phonological loop

• Visuospatial sketchpad

• Long-term memory

Answer explanation

The phonological loop is a component of the working memory model that specifically holds and manipulates auditory information for short periods, making it the correct choice for this question.