Cell Signaling and Cycle Quiz

Explain how the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle can prevent the progression of a cell with damaged DNA. What mechanisms are involved in this process?

• The G1 checkpoint allows cells to proceed regardless of DNA damage.

• The G1 checkpoint uses p53 to detect DNA damage and can halt the cycle for repair.

• The G1 checkpoint accelerates the cell cycle to bypass damaged DNA.

• The G1 checkpoint is not involved in DNA damage detection.

Describe the role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in regulating the cell cycle. How do they interact to ensure proper cell cycle progression?

• Cyclins and CDKs are unrelated to cell cycle regulation.

• Cyclins activate CDKs, which then phosphorylate target proteins to progress the cell cycle.

• CDKs inhibit cyclins to stop the cell cycle.

• Cyclins degrade CDKs to prevent cell cycle progression.

Analyze how signal transduction pathways can lead to changes in gene expression. Provide an example of a pathway and its impact on cellular function.

• Signal transduction pathways do not affect gene expression.

• Signal transduction pathways can activate transcription factors that alter gene expression, such as the MAPK pathway.

• Signal transduction pathways only affect protein degradation.

• Signal transduction pathways are limited to membrane receptor activation.

Evaluate the impact of a malfunction in the Ras protein(RAS proteins are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches to regulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation) on cell signaling and potential consequences for the cell.

• Malfunction in Ras protein has no effect on cell signaling.

• Malfunction in Ras protein can lead to uncontrolled cell division and cancer.

• Malfunction in Ras protein enhances cell cycle checkpoints.

• Malfunction in Ras protein results in cell cycle arrest.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Discuss the role of apoptosis in maintaining cellular homeostasis and how it is regulated by cell signaling pathways.

• Apoptosis is unrelated to cellular homeostasis.

• Apoptosis removes damaged cells and is regulated by pathways like the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

• Apoptosis promotes cell proliferation.

• Apoptosis is a random process not regulated by signaling pathways.

How does the malfunction of the tumor suppressor gene p53 affect the cell cycle and potentially lead to cancer?

• Malfunction of p53 enhances DNA repair mechanisms.

• Malfunction of p53 allows cells with damaged DNA to continue dividing, leading to cancer.

• Malfunction of p53 has no effect on the cell cycle.

• Malfunction of p53 stops the cell cycle permanently.

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NGSS.HS-LS3-2

Illustrate how the cell cycle is regulated by both internal and external signals. Provide examples of each type of signal.

• The cell cycle is only regulated by internal signals.

• Internal signals include cyclins, while external signals include growth factors.

• The cell cycle is only regulated by external signals.

• Internal signals include growth factors, while external signals include cyclins.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Analyze the consequences of a defect in the spindle assembly checkpoint during mitosis.

• A defect in the spindle assembly checkpoint has no consequences.

• A defect can lead to aneuploidy due to improper chromosome segregation.

• A defect enhances the accuracy of chromosome segregation.

• A defect results in the immediate death of the cell.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Evaluate the role of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in cell signaling and their impact on cellular responses.

• RTKs are not involved in cell signaling.

• RTKs activate signaling cascades that can lead to cell growth, differentiation, or survival.

• RTKs inhibit cellular responses.

• RTKs only function in immune cells.

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NGSS.HS-LS2-3

Explain how feedback loops in cell signaling pathways can amplify or dampen cellular responses. Provide an example of each type of feedback.

• Feedback loops do not affect cellular responses.

• Positive feedback amplifies responses, while negative feedback dampens them; for example, insulin signaling.

• Feedback loops only amplify responses.

• Feedback loops only dampen responses.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3