Fundamentals of Computing and Networking

What is the difference between RAM and ROM?

• RAM is volatile and used for temporary storage; ROM is non-volatile and used for permanent storage.

• RAM and ROM are both volatile and used for temporary storage.

• RAM is non-volatile and used for permanent storage; ROM is volatile and used for temporary storage.

• RAM is used for permanent storage; ROM is used for temporary storage.

Describe the functions of each layer in the TCP/IP model.

• Application: Provides network services; Transport: Ensures reliable data transfer; Internet: Handles routing and addressing; Link: Manages physical connection.

• Application: Manages hardware resources; Transport: Encrypts data for security; Internet: Provides user interface for applications; Link: Controls application logic.

How does a firewall work, and what are the different types?

• Firewalls are only used in corporate networks.

• Firewalls can only be hardware-based.

• The different types of firewalls include packet-filtering firewalls, stateful inspection firewalls, proxy firewalls, and next-generation firewalls.

• Firewalls only block incoming traffic.

What is the difference between a switch and a router?

• A switch connects different networks, while a router connects devices within the same network.

• A switch routes data packets, while a router switches data between devices.

• A switch connects devices within the same network, while a router connects different networks.

• A switch is used for wireless connections, while a router is for wired connections.

Explain the concept of virtualization and its benefits.

• Virtualization eliminates the need for physical servers entirely.

• Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine, leading to better resource utilization and cost savings.

• Virtualization only allows one operating system to run on a physical machine.

• Virtualization increases hardware costs due to additional software requirements.

What is the difference between compilation and interpretation?

• Compilation translates code line by line, while interpretation compiles the entire code at once.

• Compilation requires a runtime environment, while interpretation does not need any environment to execute code.

• Compilation is faster than interpretation because it runs the code directly, while interpretation is slower due to line-by-line execution.

• Compilation produces an executable file, while interpretation executes code directly without creating an executable.

Explain the concept of object-oriented programming and its key principles.

• The key principles of object-oriented programming include loops, conditionals, and functions.

• Object-oriented programming is a programming paradigm based on the concept of 'objects', which can contain data and methods, and is characterized by principles such as encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.

• Object-oriented programming does not involve data encapsulation or inheritance.

• Object-oriented programming is solely focused on functional programming techniques.

What is the purpose of a database management system (DBMS)?

• To store data in a non-structured format

• To create backups of data only

• The purpose of a DBMS is to manage and organize data in a structured way, allowing for efficient data access, manipulation, and management.

• To provide internet access to users

Describe the software development lifecycle (SDLC) and its phases.

• Concept, Development, Testing, Support

• Design, Implementation, Evaluation, Maintenance

• Planning, Execution, Review, Release

• The Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) consists of the following phases: Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing, Deployment, and Maintenance.

What is the difference between a bug and a vulnerability?

• A bug is a minor issue; a vulnerability is a major issue.

• A bug is a general error in software; a vulnerability is a security flaw that can be exploited.

• A bug is a feature; a vulnerability is an enhancement.

• A bug is a security flaw; a vulnerability is a coding mistake.