Learning

Which of the following best describes learning in psychological terms?

• A temporary change in behavior caused by fatigue.
• The process by which life experiences cause lasting changes in behavior or thinking.
• A genetic predisposition to act in certain ways.
• A reflexive response to external stimuli.

What does generalization refer to in classical conditioning?

• Distinguishing between similar stimuli.
• Responding to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
• Pairing multiple stimuli with the same response.
• Learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli.

In the Little Albert experiment by Watson & Rayner (1920), what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

• The white rat
• The loud noise
• Albert's crying
• The fear of the rat

If Little Albert, after developing a fear of the white rat, showed no fear toward black rats, what would this indicate?

• Generalization
• Discrimination
• Extinction
• Habituation

After eating sushi at a new restaurant, Alex became very sick. Now, they can’t even look at sushi without feeling nauseous, although the illness was caused by food poisoning unrelated to the sushi. What is the conditioned response (CR)?

• Eating sushi
• The nausea Alex feels when seeing sushi
• The food poisoning
• The new restaurant

In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of a bell initially had no effect on the dog’s salivation. What term is used to describe the bell at the beginning of the experiment?

• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)
• Neutral stimulus (NS)
• Unconditioned response (UCR)

In Pavlov’s experiment, the process by which the dog learned to salivate to the sound of the bell is known as:

• Operant conditioning
• Classical conditioning
• Observational learning
• Insight learning

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

• Operant conditioning involves learning through association, while classical conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments.
• Classical conditioning involves voluntary behaviors, while operant conditioning involves involuntary behaviors.
• In operant conditioning, the learner’s behavior influences the outcome, while in classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary and learned through associations.
• Classical conditioning focuses on reinforcement, while operant conditioning focuses on punishment.

A child loses TV privileges for fighting with their sibling. This is an example of:

• Positive reinforcement
• Negative punishment
• Positive punishment
• Negative reinforcement

A student receives a coupon for a free snack after turning in their homework, which they find motivating. The coupon is an example of:

• A primary reinforcer
• A punishment
• A tertiary reinforcer
• A secondary reinforcer