Understanding the Cell Cycle and Apoptosis

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in cells?

• To store genetic information

• To give mechanical support and shape to cells

• To produce energy

• To synthesise proteins

What are microtubules composed of?

• Actin

• Myosin

• Tubulin

• Keratin

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

• G1 phase

• S phase

• G2 phase

• M phase

Which protein acts as a tumour suppressor by inhibiting the transcription of genes needed for DNA replication at the G1 checkpoint?

• Cyclin

• p53

• Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

• Caspase

What is the role of spindle microtubules during mitosis?

• To synthesise DNA

• To separate chromosomal material

• To produce energy

• To repair DNA

Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate?

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

What triggers the activation of p53 protein?

• DNA replication

• DNA damage

• Protein synthesis

• Cell growth

What is the function of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the cell cycle?

• To degrade proteins

• To activate cyclins

• To phosphorylate proteins

• To synthesise DNA

What is the result of an uncontrolled increase in the rate of the cell cycle?

• Degenerative disease

• Tumour formation

• Apoptosis

• DNA repair

What is apoptosis?

• Cell division

• Cell growth

• Programmed cell death

• DNA replication