Understanding Retrieval Failure in Psychology

What is context-dependent forgetting?

• Forgetting due to a mismatch between the emotional state during encoding and retrieval

• Forgetting that occurs when the external environment during recall is different from the environment during learning

• Forgetting due to interference from other memories from the past

• Forgetting due to a lack of retrieval cues that allow recall

Which study is associated with context-dependent forgetting?

• Sara Carter and Helen Cassaday (1998)

• Endel Tulving (1983)

• Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley (1975)

• Michael Eysenck and Mark Keane (2010)

What is state-dependent forgetting?

• Forgetting due to a mismatch between the emotional state during encoding and retrieval

• Forgetting that occurs when the external environment during recall is different from the environment during learning

• Forgetting due to interference from other memories

• Forgetting due to a lack of retrieval cues

Which researchers conducted a study on state-dependent forgetting in 1998?

• Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley

• Sara Carter and Helen Cassaday

• Endel Tulving

• Michael Eysenck and Mark Keane

What is interference theory?

• The theory that forgetting occurs due to a lack of retrieval cues

• The theory that forgetting occurs when memories interfere with each other

• The theory that forgetting occurs due to a mismatch between the emotional state during encoding and retrieval

• The theory that forgetting occurs when the external environment during recall is different from the environment during learning

What is cue-dependent forgetting?

• Forgetting due to a mismatch between the emotional state during encoding and retrieval

• Forgetting that occurs when the external environment during recall is different from the environment during learning

• Forgetting due to interference from other memories

• Forgetting due to a lack of retrieval cues

What is the encoding specificity principle?

• The principle that memories are more easily retrieved when the emotional state during encoding matches the state during retrieval

• The principle that memories are more easily retrieved when the external environment during recall matches the environment during learning

• The principle that memories are more easily retrieved when the retrieval cues match the encoding cues

• The principle that memories are more easily retrieved when there is no interference from other memories

Who proposed the encoding specificity principle in 1983?

• Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley

• Sara Carter and Helen Cassaday

• Endel Tulving

• Michael Eysenck and Mark Keane

Which of the following is an example of a retrieval cue?

• A similar memory that interferes with recall

• The emotional state during learning

• A word or phrase associated with the memory

• The environment where the memory was encoded

Which of the following best describes proactive interference?

• New information interferes with the recall of old information

• Old information interferes with the recall of new information

• Lack of retrieval cues interferes with memory recall

• Emotional state during learning interferes with memory recall