Fluid Dynamics Quiz

What is the primary function of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

• To maintain cell function

• To carry oxygen and nutrients to cells

• To serve as a medium for excreting waste

• To regulate body temperature

Answer explanation

The primary function of extracellular fluid (ECF) is to carry oxygen and nutrients to cells, facilitating essential metabolic processes and maintaining overall cell health.

Which of the following is an electrolyte?

• Urea

• Glucose

• Sodium

• Water

Answer explanation

Sodium is an electrolyte because it dissociates into ions in solution, allowing it to conduct electricity. In contrast, urea and glucose do not dissociate into ions, and water is a solvent, not an electrolyte.

Why is active transport vital?

• For maintaining the unique composition of extracellular and intracellular compartments

• For creating osmotic pressure

• For maintaining fluid in the vascular space

• For creating hydrostatic pressure

Answer explanation

Active transport is vital for maintaining the unique composition of extracellular and intracellular compartments, as it allows cells to regulate ion concentrations and nutrient uptake against concentration gradients.

Samuel is an older adult who is trying to maintain a healthy lifestyle. What should be his daily fluid intake unless restricted?

• 1600 mL

• 2000 mL

• 2500 mL

• 3000 mL

Answer explanation

For older adults, a daily fluid intake of about 2000 mL is generally recommended to maintain hydration and support health, unless otherwise restricted by medical conditions.

What is the role of renin in the renin-angiotensin system?

• It acts on the nephrons to retain sodium

• It converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

• It stimulates the release of aldosterone

• It inhibits the release of ADH

Answer explanation

Renin is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin system by converting angiotensinogen, a protein produced by the liver, into angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.

Which peptide is released from the brain as well as produced by heart cells?

• ANP

• BNP

• CNP

• ADH

Answer explanation

BNP (B-type Natriuretic Peptide) is produced by heart cells and released from the brain, particularly in response to heart stress. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

Which system responds to decreased extracellular fluid volume by releasing renin?

• Antidiuretic hormone system

• Renin-angiotensin system

• Thyroid hormone system

• Atrial natriuretic peptide system

Answer explanation

The renin-angiotensin system responds to decreased extracellular fluid volume by releasing renin from the kidneys, which helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

During a nursing class, Folicia was explaining the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system. She asked, 'What happens in acidosis according to this system?'

• Bicarbonate is depleted

• Carbonic acid is depleted

• Sodium is increased

• Potassium is increased

Answer explanation

In acidosis, the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system compensates by depleting bicarbonate to help neutralize excess hydrogen ions, thus maintaining pH balance. Therefore, bicarbonate is depleted.

During a nursing class, Sophia learns about the body's response to an acidic serum pH. What happens in this scenario?

• Kidneys excrete bicarbonate

• Kidneys conserve additional bicarbonate

• Lungs excrete carbon dioxide

• Liver produces more bile

Answer explanation

When serum pH is acidic, the kidneys conserve additional bicarbonate to help neutralize the acidity, maintaining acid-base balance. This response is crucial for counteracting the effects of acidosis.

What is the serum pH level for alkalosis?

• Below 7.35

• Above 7.45

• Exactly 7.00

• Between 7.35 and 7.45

Answer explanation

Alkalosis is characterized by a serum pH level above 7.45. This indicates a higher than normal alkalinity in the blood, distinguishing it from acidosis, which occurs when pH is below 7.35.