Pre Test: Management of Diabetic Retinopathy

What is the primary indication for initiating anti-VEGF therapy in diabetic retinopathy management?

• Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) without macular edema
  

• Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) without vision loss

• Diabetic macular edema (DME) with vision loss

• Peripheral retinal ischemia without neovascularization

Which laser treatment is primarily used for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)?

• Focal/grid laser photocoagulation

• Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)

• Argon laser trabeculoplasty

• YAG laser capsulotomy

What is the recommended follow-up interval for a patient with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)?

• Every 3 months

• Every 6 months

• Every year

• Only if symptoms worsen

Which of the following anti-VEGF agents is NOT commonly used for diabetic macular edema (DME)?

• A. Bevacizumab

• B. Ranibizumab

• C. Aflibercept

• D. Pegaptanib

What is the main advantage of using aflibercept over bevacizumab in diabetic macular edema?

• Longer duration of action

• Lower cost

• Higher incidence of systemic side effects

• Easier administration

Which imaging modality is most effective in monitoring diabetic macular edema?

• Fluorescein angiography

• Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

• B-scan ultrasonography

• Fundus photography

What systemic condition must be optimized to reduce the risk of progression of diabetic retinopathy?

• Serum cholesterol levels

• Blood pressure and glycemic control

• Thyroid hormone levels

• Renal clearance rate

Which of the following surgical interventions is indicated in cases of tractional retinal detachment due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

• Vitrectomy

• Intravitreal steroid injection

• Cryotherapy

• Scleral buckling

In diabetic retinopathy, corticosteroids are typically used:

• As first-line treatment for diabetic macular edema in all patients

• As an adjunct therapy for DME in patients refractory to anti-VEGF therapy

• To prevent neovascularization in PDR

• For peripheral ischemia in NPDR

What is the main reason panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) reduces the risk of severe vision loss in proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

• It directly improves central visual acuity.

• It reduces oxygen demand by ablating peripheral ischemic retina.

• It enhances retinal perfusion to the macula.

• It increases retinal neovascularization to improve blood supply.