Statically typed vs dynamically typed.

Statically typed languages require variable types at compile-time; dynamically typed languages determine types at runtime.

Primitive types in C include int, char, float, double, and void.

C data types include primitive types, pointers, arrays, structures (struct), and unions.

Declaring a variable.

Specify the type followed by the variable name, e.g., int number;.

Declaring a constant.

Use the const keyword, e.g., const int MAX = 100;.

How to get input from the console?

Use the `scanf` function, e.g., `scanf("%d", &number);`.

What are the logical operators?

Logical operators include `&&` (AND), `||` (OR), and `!` (NOT).

For loop structure and while loop?

- For loop: `for(initialization; condition; increment) { /* code */ }` - While loop: `while(condition) { /* code */ }`

What is the control flow?

Control flow refers to the order in which instructions are executed, controlled by constructs like loops and conditionals.

What is meant by defining the function prototype in C?

A function prototype declares a function's name, return type, and parameters before its implementation.

What must a function prototype include?

It must include the return type, function name, and parameter types, e.g., `int add(int a, int b);`.

What are compound data types?

Compound data types are combinations of primitive types, like arrays, structures (`struct`), and unions.

How to declare an array?

Specify the type and size, e.g., `int numbers[10];`.

What is array subscripting?

Accessing elements of an array using indices, e.g., `numbers[0]`.

What are array arguments?

Passing arrays to functions, usually by passing a pointer to the first element.

What are structs? When to use them?

`structs` are user-defined data types that group related variables; use them to represent complex data structures.

`typedef` creates an alias for an existing data type, making code more readable.

Does C have a string type?

C does not have a built-in string type; strings are represented as arrays of characters terminated by a null character `\0`.

Provide some functions from the string library?

The string library ` ` provides functions for string manipulation, like `strlen`, `strcpy`, `strcmp`.

A pointer is a special type of variable that holds the memory address of another variable.

Use the `sizeof` operator, e.g., `sizeof(int)` returns the size of an `int` in bytes.

What are pointer values and how are they defined?

Pointer values are memory addresses; define a pointer using `*`, e.g., `int *ptr;`.

What is the * operator ?

The `*` operator is used to access or modify the value at the address a pointer references.

Benefits of using pointers

Pointers allow direct memory access, dynamic memory allocation, and efficient handling of arrays and strings.

How does swap change objects?

Objects are accessed via pointers to modify their values directly in memory during the swap.

Can passing a pointer to a function change the original variable?

Yes, passing pointers to functions allows the function to modify the original variables.

How many values can a C function return?

A C function can return only one value.

How to return multiple values with a C func

Use pointers or structures to return multiple values from a function.

Why should one use dynamic allocation (malloc)?

To allocate memory at runtime when the size of data structures isn't known at compile-time.

What does malloc do and what does it return?

`malloc` is a function that allocates a specified number of bytes in memory and returns a pointer to the allocated space.

How to allocate memory for an array of 10 integers?

int *array = malloc(10 * sizeof(int));

What is a memory leak?

A memory leak occurs when allocated memory is not freed, leading to wasted resources and potential program failure.

How to deallocate memory?

Use the free function, e.g., free(ptr);.

Garbage refers to memory that is no longer needed but hasn't been freed.

Why allocate arrays using malloc?

To create arrays with sizes determined at runtime or to allocate large amounts of memory on the heap.

What is a dangling pointer?

A pointer that references memory that has been freed or deallocated.

Static allocation vs dynamic allocation.

- Static allocation: Memory size is determined at compile-time. - Dynamic allocation: Memory is allocated at runtime using functions like malloc.

How does static vs dynamic work in practice? Show code snippets.

- Static allocation: int array[10]; - Dynamic allocation: int *array = malloc(10 * sizeof(int));

A function that copies a string from one location to another, e.g., strcpy(dest, src);.

Where is the static_array placed originally?

In the stack segment if declared inside a function, or in the data segment if declared globally.

How to access the fields of a struct?

Use the dot operator, e.g., person.age.

How to interpret heap and stack frame graphs in terms of memory allocation from code?

- Heap: Used for dynamic memory allocation (malloc). - Stack: Stores function calls, local variables, and control flow data.

What does Call-by-value semantics mean?

Function arguments are passed by value, meaning the function receives a copy, and changes do not affect the original variable.

Efficiency of passing large structs

Passing a pointer to the struct is more efficient than copying the entire struct.

Module 3: C Language and Kernel Interaction

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FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

High-level vs low-level programming.

Back

High-level programming languages are abstracted from hardware details, making them easier to read and write; low-level languages are closer to machine code, offering fine-grained hardware control.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Exception handling in low-level programming.

Back

Typically, low-level programming languages do not have built-in exception handling mechanisms.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

OOP in low-level programming?

Back

Low-level languages usually do not support object-oriented programming features; OOP is common in high-level languages.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Structure of the C language.

Back

C is a procedural language with a structured syntax, including functions, variables, and control flow statements.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Main function in C.

Back

The main() function is the entry point of a C program where execution starts.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Return value of main in C.

Back

main usually returns an int representing the program's exit status; returning 0 indicates success.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Compiling a C program.

Back

Use a compiler like gcc with the command gcc filename.c -o outputname.

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