A hypothesis is

• a recognition that a natural phenomenon or Earth material needs to be explained

• a detailed description of a natural phenomenon or Earth material

• a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon or Earth material

• an explanation that has been tested many times and been shows to be correct in all tests

A theory is

• recognition that a natural phenomenon or Earth material needs to be explained

• an observation of a natural phenomenon or Earth material

• a tentative explanation for a natural phenomenon or Earth material

• an explanation that has been tested many times and been shown to be correct in all tests

The principle of uniformitarianism states that

• the past is the key to the future

• the present is the key to the past

• geologic processes occur rapidly

• geologic processes occur slowly

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The principle of uniformitarianism is useful for interpreting most ancient geologic events except those that

• happened more than 1 million years ago

• involved the flow of water

• took place very slowly

• took place very rapidly

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In the Earth system concept, minerals and rocks are found in the

• hydrosphere

• geosphere

• atmosphere

• biosphere

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The release of oxygen by green plants during photosynthesis is an example of:

• an interaction between the biosphere and the geosphere

• an interaction between the biosphere and atmosphere

• a reservoir being destroyed

• a new reservoir being created

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Earth's internal structure includes

• cconcentration of the densest materials at the surface

• concentration of the densest materials in Earth's core

• concentration of the densest materials in Earth's mantle

• homogeneous distribution of dense materials throughout the entire planet

The major source of energy that melts rocks within the Earth, causes earthquakes, and builds mountains comes from

• the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon

• the Sun's heat energy (solar radiation)

• the Earths internal heat

• collisions of comets and meteorites with the Earth

The approximate age of the Earth is

• 1.2 billion years old

• 4.5 billion years old

• 8.4 billion years old

• 13.8 billion years old

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The temperature in the atmosphere, from the surface to the thermosphere

• always increases uniformly

• always decreases uniformly

• increases with elevation in the mesosphere

• increases with elevation in the stratosphere and thermosphere