Bio 100 Mid Term 1 Scientific Method & Atoms & Chemical Bonds

Atoms/molecules where the number of protons doesn't equal the number of electrons

• Ions

• Cations

• Anions

• Tetrahedral

• Planar

Positively charged ions (more protons than electrons)

Ex: Na⁺

• Ions

• Cations

• Anions

• Tetrahedral

• Planar

Negatively charged ions (more electrons than protons)

Ex: Cl^-

• Ions

• Cations

• Anions

• Tetrahedral

• Planar

When carbon forms single bonds with other atoms

(can twist)

• Ions

• Cations

• Anions

• Tetrahedral

• Planar

When 2 atoms form a double bond

(can't twist)

• Ions

• Cations

• Anions

• Tetrahedral

• Planar

Are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

(occurs when C atom has 4 different things attached, this C atom is called asymmetric or chiral)

• Enantiomers

• Geometric Isomers

• Structural Isomers

• Isomers

When different molecules have same molecular formula but have different arrangement of atoms around c=c double bond

(Cis vs Trans)

• Enantiomers

• Geometric Isomers

• Structural Isomers

• Isomers

When different molecules have same molecular formula but differ in how C atoms are arranged

• Enantiomers

• Geometric Isomers

• Structural Isomers

• Isomers

Molecules that have same molecular formula but different structures

(3 types: Structural, Cis/Trans (Geometric), Enantiomers)

• Enantiomers

• Geometric Isomers

• Structural Isomers

• Isomers

Makes predictions based on past experience

"discovery science"

• Inductive Based Science

• Hypothesis Based Science

• Negative Control

• Positive Control