Why do we test the null hypothesis?

• reduce bias

• H0​ directly assumes there is a significant effect

• falsification to test whether H0​ can be rejected.

• The probability that a Type II error has occurred.

A student writes a report for a research study, stating that the intervention had a significant effect. They reported the effect size as .60, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from .30 to .90. What is missing from this report?

• t-value is important to indicate the strength of the test

• the p-value shows significance

A researcher wants to investigate differences in job satisfaction levels among three departments in a company. The researcher conducted a One-Way ANOVA and found significant differences between groups. The reported F-statistic has degrees of freedom of 2 for groups and 87 for error. The F-value is 4.53, with a significant p-value of .014. The effect size, measured as eta squared, is .09, with a confidence interval ranging from .02 to .16.
Which of the following is the correct APA-style reporting of the results?

• F(2, 87) = 4.53, p = .014, η² = .09, 95% CI [0.02, 0.16]

• F(2, 87) = 4.53; p = .014; η² = .09; CI [0.02, 0.16]

• F(2, 87) = 4.53, p < .05, η² = .09, 95% CI [0.02, 0.16]

• F(2, 87) = 4.53, p = .014, η² = .09, CI = [0.02, 0.16]

A researcher studies the relationship between weekly working hours and job stress. Using linear regression analysis, the researcher found that weekly working hours significantly predict job stress. The standardized regression coefficient is .35, with a t-value of 3.72. The p-value is highly significant, less than .001. The confidence interval for the standardized coefficient ranges from .20 to .50.
Which of the following is the correct APA-style reporting of the results?

• β = .35, t(148) = 3.72, p < .001, 95% CI [.20, .50]

• β = .35, t(148) = 3.72, p < .001, 95% CI [0.20–0.50]

• β = .35, t(148) = 3.72, p = .000, 95% CI [.20, .50]

• β = .35, t(148) = 3.72, p < .05, 95% CI [.20, .50]

In mediation analysis, the primary goal is to

• Test the direct relationship between the independent and dependent variables

• Identify a variable that moderates the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

• Ensure all data follows a normal distribution.

• to check whether the relationship between the independent and dependent variables must go through intervening variables.

A researcher seeks to understand whether work motivation influences job productivity through the mediator variable, organizational commitment. Mediation analysis reveals a significant indirect effect. The coefficient for the indirect effect is .28, with a standard error of .05. The 95% confidence interval ranges from .18 to .38, excluding zero.
Which of the following is the correct APA-style reporting of the results?

• Indirect effect, b = .28, SE = .05, 95% CI [.18, .38]

• Indirect effect: b = .28, SE = .05, CI [0.18 to 0.38]

• Indirect effect = .28 (SE = .05, CI = .18 to .38)

• Indirect effect, b = .28, SE = .05, 95% CI [.18–.38]

When analyzing the interaction effect between two independent variables on a dependent variable, the appropriate analysis is:

• Mediation analysis

• Moderation analysis

• Direct path analysis

• Homogeneity test

Assumption tests in moderation analysis typically include

• Testing multicollinearity and linearity

• Testing the normal distribution of the moderator variable

• Testing variance homogeneity only for the independent variable

• No specific assumption tests are required for moderation

Mean centering is used in moderation analysis to

• Reduce multicollinearity between predictor variables and their interaction

• Control for sampling bias in data distribution

• Reduce the interaction effect between two independent variables

• Increase the variability of the dependent variable

A study investigates whether social support moderates the relationship between job stress and physical health. Moderation analysis indicates a significant interaction effect between job stress and social support. The interaction coefficient is -.45, with a standard error of .12. The t-value is -3.75, and the p-value is less than .001. The 95% confidence interval for the interaction effect ranges from -.68 to -.22.
What is the nature of the moderator variable when looking at this result?

• Enhancing

• Buffer

• antagonistic