What is the main purpose of experimental research design?

• To find out if an independent variable affects a dependent variable

• To manipulate data for better results

• To study the association between two variables

• To describe a specific characteristic of a population

Which of the following is NOT a key element of an experimental design?

• Randomization of participants

• Controlling extraneous variables

• Treatment or intervention

• Surveying participants

What does a quasi-experimental design lack compared to a true experimental design?

• Manipulation of the independent variable

• Control of extraneous variables

• Randomization of participants

• Use of surveys

In correlational research, what does it study?

• The manipulation of variables

• The characteristics of a target population

• The association between two variables without causality

• The cause-and-effect relationship between variables

Which sampling method gives all individuals an equal chance of being selected?

• Quota sampling

• Convenience sampling

• Purposive sampling

• Probability sampling

What is the purpose of demographic forms in research?

• To record behaviors

• To collect basic information about participants

• To assess individual abilities

• To measure attitudes and opinions

What type of validity examines whether a specific instrument relates to other measures?

• Construct validity

• Criterion validity

• Content validity

• Face validity

Which of the following is a characteristic of a ratio scale?

• It ranks data in order

• It assumes equal intervals between data points

• It indicates an absolute zero

• It has no numerical meaning

What is the main goal of hypothesis testing in quantitative research?

• To summarize data

• To test assumptions

• To observe behaviors

• To collect demographic information

Which data collection method involves a written list of questions for participants to answer independently?

• Experiments

• Quantitative observation

• Questionnaires

• Interviews