ICD Final Exam Revision

What is the typical growth pattern in infants, where growth starts at the head and gradually moves to the feet?

• Proximodistal

• Cephalocaudal

• Reciprocal

• Cortical

Answer explanation

The cephalocaudal growth pattern describes how infants grow from the head down to the feet. This means that control and development start at the head and progress towards the lower parts of the body.

Which of the following reflexes disappears as infants develop voluntary control?

• Sucking

• Moro

• Rooting

• Grasping

Answer explanation

The Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex, typically disappears as infants gain voluntary control over their movements. In contrast, sucking, rooting, and grasping reflexes may persist longer as they are essential for feeding and interaction.

According to Piaget, the process of adjusting schemes in response to new information is called:

• Assimilation

• Accommodation

• Equilibration

• Conservation

Answer explanation

According to Piaget, accommodation is the process of adjusting existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information, distinguishing it from assimilation, which involves fitting new information into existing schemes.

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, when an infant understands that objects continue to exist even when not visible, they have achieved:

• Symbolic thought

• Object permanence

• Deferred imitation

• Egocentrism

Answer explanation

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, understanding that objects continue to exist when not visible indicates the achievement of object permanence, which is the awareness that objects remain even when out of sight.

Which term refers to the retention of information over time?

• Attention

• Encoding

• Memory

• Perception

Answer explanation

The term that refers to the retention of information over time is 'Memory'. Memory encompasses the processes involved in storing and recalling information, distinguishing it from attention, encoding, and perception.

What type of memory involves conscious recall, such as facts or events?

• Implicit memory

• Explicit memory

• Short-term memory

• Working memory

Answer explanation

Explicit memory involves conscious recall of facts and events, distinguishing it from implicit memory, which is unconscious. Therefore, the correct answer is explicit memory.

According to Erikson, which stage occurs during infancy and focuses on developing a sense of trust?

• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• Initiative vs. Guilt

• Trust vs. Mistrust

• Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer explanation

According to Erikson, the stage that occurs during infancy and focuses on developing a sense of trust is 'Trust vs. Mistrust'. This stage emphasizes the importance of reliable caregiving in forming a secure attachment.

Which of the following emotions typically develops later in infancy?

• Anger

• Sadness

• Fear

• Shame

Answer explanation

Shame is a self-conscious emotion that typically develops later in infancy, around 18-24 months, as children begin to understand social norms and expectations. In contrast, anger, sadness, and fear emerge earlier.

At what age do children typically begin to recognize themselves in a mirror?

• 3 months

• 6 months

• 18 months

• 24 months

Answer explanation

Children typically begin to recognize themselves in a mirror around 18 months. Before this age, they may react to their reflection but do not understand it represents themselves.

Which concept involves the child's ability to understand that they are distinct from others?

• Self-concept

• Identity diffusion

• Social referencing

• Egocentrism

Answer explanation

Self-concept refers to a child's understanding of themselves as separate individuals, distinct from others. This awareness is crucial for their social and emotional development.