What is the conviction that during the observance of mass, when the priest elevates the host, the elements of communion literally become the body and blood of Christ?

• Scholasticism

• Transubstantiation

• Indulgences

• Justification by faith

What did Innocent III begin out of great concern for the doctrinal integrity of the church?

• The Printing Press

• The Protestant Reformation

• The Fourth Lateran Council

• The Renaissance

Who issued the first crusade, and in what year?

• Innocent III, 1095

• Pope Urban II, 1095

• Pope Gregory VII, 1122

• Pope Leo X, 1517

If killed during a crusade, what assurance did Urban II give to the crusader?

• A place in heaven

• Forgiveness of sins and salvation

• Land and wealth

• Leadership in the Church

True or false: The crusades made feelings better between Christians of the time and Muslims.

• False

• True

True or false: The crusades created a renewed interest in Christian piety.

• True

• False

Why did the Roman Catholic Church call for the crusades?

What provided scholars in the Middle Ages with a rational way of understanding Christian theology?

• Renaissance Humanism

• Scholasticism

• Indulgences

• The Reformation

Who was the father of scholasticism?

• Thomas Aquinas

• Anselm of Canterbury

• Martin Luther

• Augustine

Who combined Aristotle and Augustine, learning from Muslim scholars, to create a theological system still relevant today?

• Thomas Aquinas

• Martin Luther

• John Calvin

• Erasmus